CHAPTER XIV 



VACCINES AND SERA 



Vaccination with unknown viruses — Small-pox : inoculation and Jennerian 

 vaccination — Sheep-pox — Rabies : Pasteur's treatment — Vaccination 

 with microbes of attenuated virulence — Anthrax, Swine-erysipelas, 

 Pleuropneumonia of cattle — Vaccines against cholera, plague, typhoid 

 fever — Attempts at anti-tuberculous vaccination. 



Bacteriotheraphy : intestinal, buccal, nasal — Applications to surgery. 

 Serotherapy, Diphtheria, Tetanus, Venoms, Cholera — Serum against 

 plague, bacillary dysentery, cerebrospinal meningitis — Anti-strepto- 

 coccic sera — Anti-tuberculous sera. 



Sero-vaccinations : Sheep-pox — Bovine plague — Swine-plague. 



Virus-vaccines sensitized— Experiments of Ehrlich and Morgenroth. 

 Besredka's vaccines : Typhoid fever, Plague — Virus-serum in the 

 treatment of rabies. 



Phagocytic therapy. 



It is fairly easy to immunise laboratory animals against 

 bacteria by repeated doses of the living microbe : a preliminary 

 experiment determines the minimum lethal dose, and the first 

 injections are to be kept well below this. Immunization is 

 possible also with viruses which are incapable of killing in 

 any dose. 



With extremely virulent bacteria, immunization is much 

 more difficult. It is impossible to immunize a guinea-pig 

 against anthrax, for example. In man, where one is not 

 entitled to run the slightest risk, it is impossible to begin even 

 with very small doses of living virulent microbes. Hence 

 arises the great importance of Pasteur's discovery in the history 

 of active immunization, the discovery of the attenuation of a 

 virus. Only vaccines may be used in human immunization. 



In general, a non-virulent microbe neither kills nor im- 



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