NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



g 2 . Hind toe (if present) small and inserted above the 



level of the rest, or else size small or medium 



(never as much as 3 feet long) ; loral and orbital 



regions fully featheral, and middle claw with edge 



not pectinated. 



h 1 . If more than 3 feet long, the hind toe short, and 



elevated ; if under 3 feet long, the hind toe on 



same level with anterior toes. 



Order Paludicolae. (Page 134.) 



h*. Never over 3 feet long (usually much less), the 



hind toe (if present) short and elevated, or 



else the claws excessively lengthened and 



wings spurred. 



Order Limicolae. (Page 143.) 

 /'- Lower portion of thighs feathered (or else middle and 

 outer toes united for at least half their length), the 

 bill if lengthened not grooved along the side. 

 g 1 . Bill strongly hooked, with a distinct naked cere at 

 base of upper mandible ; or if no naked cere, the 

 toes 2 in front and 2 behind. 

 h 1 . Toes 3 in front, or else outer toe reversible. 



Order Raptores. (Page 218.) 

 h 2 . Toes 2 in front, 2 behind (outer toe permanently 



reversed) Order Psittaci. (Page 268.) 



g 2 . Bill not strongly hooked, and without naked cere 

 at base of upper mandible ; or if with a cere, the 

 latter swollen and the bill straight. 

 A 1 . Hind toe small and elevated, or else bill with- 

 out soft swollen cere. 



Order Gallinae. (Page 184.) 



h 2 . Hind toe (or toes) well developed and on same 



level with anterior toes. 



i 1 . Bill with soft swollen cere at base of upper 



mandible. Order Columbae. (Page 210.) 



i*. Bill without soft swollen cere. 



f. "Wings very long, with 10 quills, tail 



of 10 feathers, and gape very wide 



and deeply cleft, or else bill long 



and slender, tongue extensile, and 



t secondaries only 6 in number. 



Order Macrochires. (Page 297.) 



f. Wings not very long and gape not very 



wide nor deeply cleft, or else wing 



with only 9 quills and tail-feathers 



12 in number. 



