198 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



b*. Upper parts mostly or entirely grayish, the tail always gray. Eggs 1.59 X 

 ' 1.15. Sab. Eocky Mountains and northward to Alaska (Yukon Valley), 

 east to Manitoba. 



3006. B. umbellus umbelloides (Dougl.). Gray Ruffed Grouse. 

 a'. Darker, with brown markings on lower parts very conspicuous, everywhere ex- 

 posed, and bordered by very distinct dusky bars ; bars on flanks very dark 

 brown, or brownish black. 

 ft 1 . Upper parts with more or less of gray, often mostly grayish, the tail usually 

 gray (sometimes tinged with ochraceous). Sab. Eastern Oregon and 

 Washington Territory, east to Moose Factory, Nova Scotia, Maine, etc., 

 southward on mountains of New England, New York, etc. 



300a. B. umbellus togata (Linn.). Canadian Ruffed Grouse. 

 b*. Upper parts dark rusty, with little if any admixture of gray, the tail usu- 

 ally deep rusty (very rarely grayish). Eggs 1.64 X 1-20. Sab. North- 

 west coast, from northern California to British Columbia, 



300c. B. umbellus sabini (Dougl.). Oregon Ruffed Grouse. 



Gentts LAGOPUS Brisson. (Page 185, pi. LVIIL, fig. 2.) 



Species. 



Common Characters. — Winter plumage pure white, the tail black in most 

 species, and sometimes the lores black also. Summer plumage with upper parts 

 (except part of wings) and chest varied with brown, buffy, or grayish and black. 

 Nest on ground in open situations. Eggs about 10-16, more or less heavily spotted 

 or marbled with dark brown or black on a buffy or light rusty ground. 



a 1 . Tail black. 



b 1 . Bill stout (depth at base .40 or more) ; length 14.00-17.00, wing about 7.00- 

 7.50, bill, from nostril, .40-.42, depth at base, .40-.45 ; winter plumage 

 never with black on head. 

 c\ Shafts of secondaries white. 



Male in spring : Head and neck rich chestnut, usually becoming 

 darker below (sometimes quite blackish); rest of plumage 

 white, the back, scapulars, and rump interspersed with feathers 

 of deep brown or rusty, barred with dusky. Male in summer : 

 Head, neck, and lower parts (except middle of belly, anal 

 region, and legs) deep cinnamon-rufous, uniform on throat, 

 fore-neck, and chest, barred with black on sides, flanks, and 

 under tail-coverts, tinged with slaty on upper belly ; quills and 

 outermost wing-coverts white ; rest of upper parts (continu- 

 ously) irregularly barred with tawny brown and black, most 

 of the feathers indistinctly tipped with whitish. Female in 

 summer: Above coarsely and irregularly barred and spotted 

 with black and ochraceous or buffy (the former rather predomi- 

 nating), many of the feathers margined terminally with white ; 



