296 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. . 



,ceous, or vinaceous- white, throat ash-gray, and crown light 

 grayish brown or brownish gray ; length 12.75-14.00, wing 

 6.45-7.15 (6.66), tail 4.40-5.20 (4.86), exposed culmen 1.34-1.53 

 (1.46). Eggs 1.13 X -88. Hab. Whole of western United 

 States and table-lands of Mexico, except northwest coast and 

 Lower California; east to Eocky Mountains (occasionally 

 across Great Plains to Kansas). 



413. C. cafer (Gmel.). Red-shafted Flicker. 1 

 d 2 . Darker, with back deeper brown (sometimes of a warm burnt- 

 umber tint), lower parts deeper vinaceous, throat deeper ash- 

 gray (sometimes almost plumbeous), and top of head deeper 

 brownish ; wing 6.35-7.00 (6.63), tail 4.70-5.20 (5.01), exposed 

 culmen 1.35-1.60 (1.47). Hab. Northwest coast, north to 

 Sitka, south to northern California (chiefly in coast district). 

 413a. C. cafer saturatior Eidgw. Northwestern Flicker. 

 c 2 . Exposed culmen not less than 1.60, the bill slenderer and more curved ; 

 wing averaging less than 6.25 ; crown cinnamon-brown, becoming 

 deep cinnamon anteriorly ; rump vinaceous- white ; shafts red-lead 

 color, the under surface of quills and tail a paler shade of the 

 same. 



Wing 5.90-6.25 (6.05), tail 4.50-5.00 (4.72), exposed culmen 1.60- 

 1.85 (1.70). Sab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 



415. C. rufipileus Eidgw. Guadalupe Flicker. 

 b 2 . Entire top of head and hind-neck uniform deep cinnamon, strongly and very 

 abruptly contrasted with ash-gray of ear-coverts, etc. ; rump distinctly 

 spotted with black; back, etc., light cinnamon-brown, broadly barred 

 with black, these bars about the same width as the lighter interspaces ; 

 " mustache" of male carmine-red ; size about the same as in G. cafer. 

 Hab. Guatemala. 



C. mexicanoides Lafr. Guatemalan Flicker. 2 



1 It may hereafter prove expedient to separate the birds of the United States from those of Mexico as repre- 

 senting a geographical race. Eight specimens from Mexico (Valley of Mexico, Mirador, Saltillo, Puebla, etc.) 

 are much smaller than northern examples, and with a single exception (an example from Saltillo, Coahuila) 

 have the black bars on the back, etc., much narrower. The extreme and average measurements of this series 

 are as follows : wing 5.90-6.50 (6.13), tail 4.00-4.70 (4.41), exposed culmen 1.20-1.40 (1.30). If separated, the 

 United States bird would have to be called 0. cafer collaris (ViG.), the Golaptes eollaris of Vigors (Zool. Jour, 

 iv. 1829, 384; Zool. Beechey's Voy. 1839, 24, pi. 9) having been based on specimens from Monterey, Cali- 

 fornia. 



2 Colaptes mexicanoides Lafr., Rev. Zool. 1844, 42. 



