382 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 



Family FRINGILLID^.— The Finches, Sparrows, etc. (Page 321.) 



Genera. 



a 1 . Mandibles falcate, crossed at tips Loxia. (Page 392.) 



a 2 . Mandibles not falcate nor crossed at tips. 

 b 1 . Conspicuously crested. 



c 1 . Culmen strongly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible deeply 



sinuated or concave in middle portion.. Pyrrhuloxia. (Page 443.) 



c 2 . Culmen only slightly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible more 



or less convex in middle portion Cardinalis. (Page 441.) 



b*. Not crested. 



c 1 . Width of bill at base equal to its length, and basal outline of lower man- 

 dible, underneath, doubly concave Pyrrhula. (Page 388.) 



c 2 . Width of bill at base decidedly less than its length, and basal outline 

 of lower mandible, underneath, simply concave. 

 d 1 . Depth of bill at base greater than length of hind-toe, with claw, 

 and more than three-fourths as long as tarsus. 



Coccothraustes. (Page 386.) 

 d?. Depth of bill at base less than length of hind-toe, with claw, and 

 less than two-thirds as long as of tarsus. 

 e 1 . Nasal plumules covering nearly basal half of upper mandible. 



Pinicola. (Page 387.) 

 e 2 . Nasal plumules covering very much less than basal half of 

 upper mandible. 

 f 1 . Base of gonys midway between tip and lateral base of 



lower mandible Plectrophenax. (Page 402.) 



/'. Base of gonys decidedly nearer to lateral base than 

 tip of lower mandible. 

 g 1 . Gonys slightly convex; a light brownish spot or 

 speculum at base Of quills.. Passer. (Page 401.) 

 g 2 . Gonys not appreciably convex ; no light spot or 

 speculum at base of quills. 

 h l . Primaries exceeding secondaries by more than 

 length of tarsus. 

 i 1 . Wing at least five times as long as tarsus. 

 /. Wing less than 3.50. 



k 1 . Tail three-fourths as long as wing ; 

 nasal tufts conspicuous. 



Acanthus. (Page 395.) 



k 2 . Tail less than two-thirds as long as 



wing ; nasal tufts inconspicuous. 



I 1 . Exposed culmen decidedly 



shorter than tarsus ; adults 



without red on head, and 



