32 THE BACTERIA OP THE APIAEY. 



two diseased conditions in the brood of bees. For reasons given by 

 Dr. E. F. Phillips, in the preface to this paper, it has been considered 

 advisable to retain the name foul brood and to use a qualifying word 

 to distinguish the two diseases. "European foul brood' and 

 '•American foul brood " are the names by which these two diseased 

 conditions are to be designated. 



In 1885 Cheyne (22) in England (Europe) found present in the 

 decayed larvae suffering from a diseased condition known as " foul 

 brood " a new bacillus, which he named Bacillus alvei and to which 

 he ascribed the cause of the disease. The diseased condition which 

 contains Bacillus alvei is to be called " European foul brood," because 

 this fact was first observed by an investigator working in Europe 

 (England). In 1903 (27) the author observed that there was con- 

 stantly present in the other diseased condition known as " foul brood " 

 another bacillus which was new, and to which the name Bacillus 

 larvce is given. In view of the fact that Bacillus larvm was con- 

 stantly found to be present in the larvae suffering from this disorder 

 in the brood of bees, by investigations carried on in New York State 

 (America) (27) (28), this diseased condition is to be called "Ameri- 

 can foul brood." From a scientific standpoint this choice of names 

 for two distinct diseases might be easily criticized, but from the 

 standpoint of the apiarist the selection of these names as the common 

 ones for these two distinct disorders seemed almost necessary, or at 

 least advisable. 



EtTROPEAN EOTJL BROOD (EOTJL BROOD OF CHEYNE). 



The first scientific investigation of this disease bacteriologically 

 was performed by Cheyne in 1885 (22). At this time he isolated a 

 new bacillus from the dead larvae. It was described by him and 

 given the name Bacillus alvei (literally, hive bacillus) . This afforded, 

 then, a means for a positive diagnosis of this diseased condition. 



Symptoms. 



The symptoms of European foul brood, as given by Dr. E. F. 

 Phillips in Circular No. 79, Bureau of Entomology, are as follows: 



Adult bees in infected colonies are not very active, but do succeed in cleaning 

 ovit some of the dried scales. This disease attacks larvse earlier than does 

 American foul brood, and a comparatively small percentage of the diseased 

 brood is ever capped ; the diseased larvse vphich are capped over have sunken 

 and perforated cappings. The larvse when first attacked shovy a small yellow 

 spot on the body near the head and move uneasily in the cell ; when death 

 occurs they turn yellow, then brown, and finally almost black. Decaying larvse 

 which have died of this disease do not usually stretch out in a long thread 

 when a small stick is inserted and slowly removed ; occasionally there is a very 

 slight " ropiness," but this is never very marked. The thoroly dried larvse form 

 irregular scales which are not strongly adherent to the lower side wall of the 



