UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 

 BULLETIN No. 431 



Oonlrtbntlon IVom the Bureau of Entomologr 

 t. O. HOWARD. CUef 



Washington, D. C. 



PROFESSIONAL PAPER 



Febraary 9, 1917 



SACBROGD 



G. F.WHITE 

 Expert, Engaged in the Investigation of Bee Diseases 



CONTENTS 



Blitoiical Aceouit ..•....•. 



Nwne of the Disease 



AReennce of Healthy Breed at the Ace 

 MlindchitDleBefSacbnMd . . . . 

 ItoaiBof Sacbrood ....... 



e«rSacbroad . 



I Effect of Sacbrood Upon a 



i&luinnt of Tiros Bevdred to Produce 

 ■ )ie Dbease. and the Bapidtty of its 



in Making Ezperimentai 



Page 



I 

 2 



4 



6 

 10 

 24 



SO 



31 



_ _ 32 



sDeMmefienof the Tims of 



_-^ to Destroy Sacbrood 



iSnapended In Water . . 34 



IjMuired to Destroy Saclwoad 

 "^"■Saqeaded in Glycerine . 35 

 ^ aired to Itestroy Sacbrood 

 TlQuinien Suspended in Honey . . 36 

 Rcdstsnee of Sacbrood Tins to Oifiac 

 atBoantltaBpantua. ... ._. . . 37 



Bcststaoo) of Sacbrood Ttrha to Direct 

 Snnllrin When Dry ........ 



BeslBtanee of Sacbrood Tims to Direct 

 Sunlight When Suspended in Water . 



BeslBtanee of Sacbrood Tirni to Direct 

 Sunlight When Sumended in Honey . 



length of Time that Sacbrood Tiroa Be> 

 mains Tiralent in Honey 



Besistance of SaCbrood Tims to thePraS' 

 eilceofPennentatiTePiocesaea . . . 



Resistance of Sacbrood Tints to Fer- 

 mentation in Diluted Honey at Out. 

 door Temperature . . . '. . . . . 



Besistance of Sacbrood Tims to the Frea. 

 enceof Pnirefacttire ProcesseO . •„. 



Resistance of Sacbrood Tims to Carboue 

 Acld^. . . . . . 



Modes of Transmission of Sacbrood . . 



Dhigno^ of Sacbrood 



Prognosis .......••.•. 



Belation ofTfaese Studies to the Treat* 



Page 

 38 



otSacMtiod . . . 

 Coachisfonji. 



Summary and . 

 UtetatuM Cited 



39 

 40 



40 

 41 



42 

 43 



44 



46 

 48 

 49 



80 

 82 

 63 



WASHINGTON 



GOVERNMENT PBtNTINa OFilO 



1917 



