The Sterilization of American Foulbrood Combs 15 



of between 1 centimeter and 2 centimeters, 1 of these being attained 

 after 5 minutes, 1 after 15, and 1 not imtil 60 minutes had elapsed ; 

 there were 3 cases of a rise of between 2 centimeters and 3 centi- 

 meters, 2 of them after 5 minutes, and 1 after 15 minutes had elapsed ; 

 in 1 case the liquid rose to the 3-centimeter mark in 3 minutes. 

 When no liquid passed through within the test period, ropy, diseased 

 material was found smeared on the inside of the capping, or the cap- 

 ping appeared unusually thick. As was to be expected, the alcohol 

 solutions passed through more readily in most cases than did water 

 solutions. One capping, not recorded in the table, was submerged in 

 water- formalin solution for three days with no perceptible passage 

 of liquid into the tube. 



Table 5. — Tests of the penneaHUty of brood cappings to disinfectants* 



Description o{ cappiags 



Fresh commercial alcohol-formalin solation: 



Dark brown from diseased comb, medium thick 



Dark brown from diseased comb, fairly thick 



Dark brown from diseased comb, quite thin 



Dark brown from diseased comb, tnick 



Dark brown from cliseaaed comb, slightly cracked 



Dark brown from diseased comb, thick 



Dark brown from diseased comb, medium 



Dark brown from diseased comb, thick.. 



Dark brown from diseased comb, thin 



Dark brown from diseased comb, thick 



Used commercial alcohol-formaMn solution: 



Light brown from diseased comb, dried, medium thick., 



. Dark brown, old, from diseased comb, dried, thick 



Brown, old, from diseased comb, mediuin thin 



Scale smeared over Inside, thick 



Dark brown from diseased comb, thick .... 



Dark brown from diseased comb, thin 



Dark brown from diseased comb, some scale in capping. 



Dark brown from diseased comb, dry, medium thick 



Light brown from diseased comb, good condition 



Dark brown from diseased comb, thick 



Fresh water-formalin solution: 



Dark brown from diseased comb, dried, thick 



Dark brown from diseased comb, thick 



— Dark brown from diseased comb, thin 



Dark brown from diseased comb, normal 



Dark brown from diseased comb, dried, thin 



Do - - 



Dark brown from diseased comb, slightly cracked 



Dark brown from diseased comb, tbick 



Do - 



Do - - 



Dsed water-formalin solution: 



Dark brown from diseased comb, dried, thick _.. 



Dark brown from diseased comb, dried, cracked 



Dark brown from diseased comb, thin 



Dark brown from diseased comb, very thin ..- 



Dark brown from diseased comb, thin — 



Dark brpwn from diseased comb, small hole -- 



Dark brown from diseased comb, dried, thin 



Dark brown from diseased comb) thin » --- 



Do -. 



Dark brown from diseased comb, (packed 



' Tests made at a uniform depth of 3 centimeters below surface of solution. 



• Trace. 



To observe what actually takes place in a sealed cell when sub- 

 merged in a disinfectant solution, some artificial cells were made 

 with pieces of glass tubing of the same diameter as those used in the 

 experiment just described. Pieces of tube about three-quarters of 

 an inch long were sealed at one end and sterilized in a hot-air steril- 

 izer, cotton plugs closing the open ends. Scales containing virulent 

 spores of BogUIus larvae removed from diseased combs were then 



