6 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 14 9, U. S. DEPT. OF AGEICULTURE 



yeasts were also isolated from bees from numerous sources within 

 the United States. Trichoderma koningi was isolated from adult 

 bees in Maryland and from mummified larvae from Oregon. Fe7%- 

 cystis apis was also isolated from mummified brood sent from Ji,ng- 

 land and from Germany. . -, ij. i j 



The fungi included in the following list were found to attack and 

 kill bees when the latter were inoculated experimentally. Among 

 the Aspergilli, with the exception of Aspergillus oryBoe and A. para- 

 siticus, many cultures other than those indicated were isolated from 

 bees and tested for parasitic properties. This is true, especially of 

 the A. -flavus-or^zae and the A. fwnigatus groups. 



Aspergillus flavus (Link), sensu Thorn and Churcli. Author's collection: 1, 

 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 28, 12340. Thorn and Church collection : Ao5c, 183, 108. 



Aspergillus oryzae, (Ahlburg, Cohn), sensu Thorn and Church. Thorn and 

 Church collection : 113 L, Ao5b. 



Aspergillus effusus, VIII ; D. C. 



Aspergillus parasiticus Speare. 



Aspergillus flamis-oryzae, sensu Thorn and Church. Thom and Church col- 

 lection : Aop, Apb, Aob, Ao5u. 



Aspergillus fumigatus (Fresenius), sensu Thom and Church. Author's col- 

 lection: 1, 33, 12287, 12288. Thom and Church collection: Tates IV, 118, 

 4063-C-18. 



Aspergillus iiiduXans (Bidam), sensu Thom and Church. Author's collection: 

 1. Thom and Church collection : 110, 4010.4, 4415. 



Aspergillus oohraceus (Wilhelm), sensu Thom and Church. Author's col- 

 lection: Conn.; D. C. Thom and Church collection: 112, 2399, 4020.4, 4065.1, 

 4640.476, 4640.483. 



Aspergillus glaucus (Link), sensu Thom and Church. Author's collection: 1, 

 Ann Arbor, Mich. Thom and Church collection : 3528.7. 



Saccharompces ellipsoideus Hansen. 



Snccharomyces cerevisi<ie Hansen. 



Sacchflromyces apiculatus (Ueess), Hansen. 



Mycoderma cerevisiae (Desm), Hansen. Author's collection: I, II. 



Torula sp. 



Mucor hitemalis Wehmer, 



COLLECTION OF FUNGI FROM COLONIES AND FROM INDIVIDUAL 



BEES 



Fungous pathogens of honeybees were collected from colonies and 

 from individual bees in the vicinity of experimental apiaries. Early 

 in the spring the interior of the hives and the ground about the 

 apiary were examined for infected bees. Similar examinations were 

 continued during the summer and fall, and less frequently during 

 the winter in colonies wintered indoors. Adult bees, including queens 

 and drones, with fungus-infected tissues or with conidiophores and 

 conidia upon their outer surface yielded pathogenic forms. Crawl- 

 ing bees, unable to fly and apparently diseased, were collected. These 

 bees were either used immediately for isolation experiments or were 

 caged, under conditions favorable for the continued development 

 of fungi, for examination later. Usually the greater number of such 

 bees died within a short time after having been caged. At other 

 times their condition appeared not to shorten their lives. The num- 

 ber of infected bees appeared to increase noticeably after warm 

 summer rains and those collected yielded a higher percentage of 

 pathogenic organisms. Fungus-infected larvae were found in weak 

 colonies m early spring. Infected larvae were also found in colonies 

 in which facultative parasites were growing on the brood combs. It 



