GENERAL SWINE MANAGEMENT 51 



Sites that may be found in the feces of swine. Diarrhea is also a 

 common symptom of hog ciiolera. 



U K(J-GENITAL DIST URBANCES 



It is difficult to make a physical examination of swine for the 

 detection of disturbances of the urinary organs. It is possible to 

 catheterize sows, but it is practically impossible to perform this 

 operation upon a barrow or boar. Information is limited relative to 

 the findings in the urinalysis in swine. By inspection the fre- 

 quency of urination or attempts to urinate can be noted. The color, 

 consistency and odor of the urine can usually be determined. Fre- 

 quent attempts to urinate may indicate irritation of the urogenital 

 organs, calculi in the urinary channels and peritonitis. Blood in 

 the urine is indicative of nephritis, calculi, cystitis or injury of 

 the urethra. If the blood is thoroughly admixed with the urine, 

 the hemorrhage has probably occurred in the kidney. If the blood 

 occurs in the first urine voided the hemorrhages have been in the 

 urethra, and if the blood occurs in the last urine voided and is more 

 or less coagulated, the hemorrhage has probably been in the bladder. 

 The urine will probably be of a dark color in febrile diseases. Uri- 

 nation will be less frequent and there will be less urine voided in 

 anima's affected with diarrhea. Incontinence of urine may be 

 observed in some nervous disorders, particularly in paralysis. 



The testicles of boars are readily examined but excepting the ex- 

 ternal genitals the sexual organs of sows are not easily examined. 

 Unusual sexual desire and irregular periods of estrumi are not un- 

 coirmon in sows that have aborted, and are probablj' the result of 

 disease of the ovaries, fallopian tubes or uterus. Vaginal discharge 

 is common for from one to three weeks in sows that have aborted. 

 In the beginning the discharges in these cases are of a bloody 

 character but later become purulent. 



Inflammation of the vidder may occur in sows that are heavy 

 milkers. This condition is caused by incomplete milking out of the 

 udder by the pigs, by injury or by infection. Tubercular and 

 actinomycotic infection of the mammae are relatively comtmon in 

 sows. 



NERVOUS DISORDERS 



Disturbances of the nervous system of swine have not been ex- 

 tensively investigated. Functional disturbances of the brain are 

 observed in pigs, and are probably most frequently the result of in- 



