DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 101 



treatment is most easily applied in the food or slop. Ferrous sul- 

 phate, copper sulphate, or oil of turpentine may be mixed with 

 slops. Santonin given with food is of value, but creosote in the slop 

 is probably most efficient. 



The Simondsia paradoxa infests the stomach of swine, but is 

 probably not found in the United States, although quite preva- 

 lent in some sections of Europe. The lesions, symptoms, and treat- 

 ment are similar to those given for Arduenna strongylina. 



Ascaris suum is found occasionally in the stomach, but its na- 

 tural habitat is the intestine, and it will be discussed latter in that 

 relation. 



Intestines 



MALFORMATIONS 



Total absence of the intestine- is rare and occurs practically only 

 in acardiac monsters. 



Atresia ani, that is, the failure of development of the anus, is 

 relatively common. This condition results from the failure of in- 

 vagination of the skin surface which normally extends to and fuses 

 with the rectum. Pigs so affected, unless the defect is relieved by 

 operation, die the first or second day after being farrowed. The 

 defect is as a rule easily corrected by operation in which crucial in- 

 cisions are made through the skin and terminal end of the rectum, 

 the skin and rectal triangular flaps being inter digitated and main- 

 tained by sutures. 



Cloacal formation in which there is a common opening for the 

 intestine, uterus, and vagina or ureters sometimes occurs, but this 

 is not a serious defect, except in breeding animals. 



Diverticula are not rare. They are usually the persistent rem- 

 nants of the vitellin or omphalomesenteric duct. They do not as a 

 rule interfere with the health of the animal. 



Transposition, particularly of the large colon, may occur, but is 

 not of any significance except as a pathologic condition. 



Congenital hernia may occur. The outcome depends upon the ex- 

 tent and nature of the defect. 



HEMORRHAGE (eNTERORRHAGIA) 



Enterorrhagia occurs rather commonly in swine. 



Etiology. — Mechanical injury of the structure of the intestine by 



