188 SWINE PRACTICE 



where the renal epithelium is damaged either by degeneration or 

 inflammation, although it may occur in the absence of damaged 

 epithelium. Some veterinarians are maintaining that albuminuria 

 is caused by acid intoxication. 



At this time, with our present knowledge, albuminuria, at least in 

 swine, must be thought of as secondary to some other conditions. 

 Albuminuria in swine has not been studied clinically, therefore, 

 symptoms of the condition cannot be recorded. It is an important 

 condition because albuminous substances that should be conserved 

 are eliminated from the body in the urine. Disturbances of nutrition 

 follow, and the primary and associated conditions produce emacia- 

 tion and marasmus. Albuminuria usually terminates fatally. 



UREMIA 



Uremia is a condition characterized by the presence in the blood 

 of a greater or less amount of the solid constituents of urine. This 

 condition has not been identified clinically in swine, but the nature 

 of the lesions observed in some kidneys by veterinary inspectors is 

 sufficient evidence that the disease exists in swine. 



Etiology. — The primary cause of uremia is obstructed outflow of 

 urine, which may be the result of disturbance in the kidneys, ureter 

 bladder, or urethra. Severing or puncturing the ureters during oper- 

 ations, as in cesarean section, may result in uremia. 



Lesions. — No particular gross tissue changes are attributed to 

 uremia. The lesions found are those incidental to the obstruction 

 of the outflow of urine, as calculi, tumors, and so on. 



Symptoms. — Stupor, vertigo, emesis, inappetence, diarrhea, clonic 

 muscular spasms, and convulsions are the principal symptoms of 

 uremia. The disease, at least in the acute form, is usually fatal. 

 Chronic uremia is associated with digestive derangements. 



Treatment. — Removal of the cause is practically always success- 

 ful unless the case is too far advanced. Therapeutic treatment is 

 of no value. 



HEMATURIA 



Hematuria is a condition in which there is blood in the urine 

 and is relatively common in swine. Blood may contaminate urine in 

 the kidney, ureter, bladder or urethra. 



Etiology. — Injuries of blood-vessels, particularly of capillaries, is 



