UEO-GENITAL SYSTEJI 189 



one of the most common causes of hematuria. Capillary injuries 

 may be caused by chemic irritants that are being eliminated by the 

 kidney, or by microbes or other products. Thus, hematuria of renal 

 origin is common in acute inflammatory disturbances of the kidneys, 

 and is a frequent symptom in certain acute infectious diseases, such 

 as anthrax, hog cholera and swine plague. Calcular formations in 

 any portion of the urinary passage are prone to produce hemorrhage. 

 Tumors such as papilloma and angioma may be so located in the 

 urinary passages that erosion of blood-vessels may occur and per- 

 mit of the escape of blood. 



Lesions. — Hematuria is characterized by blood in the urine. The 

 kidney lesions in those cases in which there is blood in the urine 

 will depend upon the cause of the hematuria and there may be evi- 

 dence of any of the various types of nephritis; anatomical altera- 

 tions characterizing anthrax, hog cholera or swine plague; tumors 

 in the renal pelvis or the parenchyma of the kidney; and renal 

 calcular formation. The lesions of the ureter, bladder- and urethra 

 may be inflammatory in character, alterations due to tumor forma- 

 tion or the result of calculi. 



Symptoms. — The pathognomonic symptom of hematuria is blood 

 in the urine. The origin of the blood may be determined by urin- 

 alysis coupled with a careful examination of the case. Renal 

 hematuria, excepting in those cases in which the blood has entered 

 the urine in the pelvis of the kidney, is typified by blood tube casts. 

 Hemorrhage into the urine in the renal pelvis, ureters, or bladder is 

 characterized by a relatively complete admixture of the blood and 

 arine. In urethral hemorrhage the blood precedes the urine during 

 urination. 



Treatment. — The treatment of cases in which hematuria is present 

 will depend upon the cause of the condition. If hematuria is the 

 result of chemic irritants being eliminated from the kidney, sooth- 

 ing diuretics are indicated, such as buchu or corn silk. In cases 

 where hematuria is associated with infective diseases, the usual meth- 

 ods employed in combatting the infection should be used. The 

 treatment of cases of hematuria resulting from tumors or calculi is 

 not satisfactory. Hematuria of cystic origin may be overcome in 

 females by catheterization and the introduction of antiseptics and 

 astringents into the bladder. Urethral calculi in males may be re- 

 moved by operation and the condition causing hemorrhage removed. 



