890 



CARRIAGES. 



the rear, and in front should turn well out, away from liha 

 horse's shoulders. 



The Pole for light wagons should be of hickory, 

 Bteamed and bent ; coach poles, of second growth eastern 

 ash, — oak, when made up in this size, being apt to warp. 

 But for farn^ wagons, omnibuses, stages, &c., which admit 

 of more material being used, oak is very much the 

 best. 



For the attachment of the Shafts or Pole to the Axle tLere 

 have been very many devices to prevent rattling and ac- 

 cident ; but none of them, for simplicity and cheapness, com- 

 pare with that of Mr.Chapman, of Cincinnatu This is 

 simply a piece of vulcanized india-rubber, (see Figs. 78 and 



That. T8 & T9.— Chapman's Patent Shaft Fasten. 



