Introductory 9 
and the good colonist. These precepts the Moors habitually 
and energetically carried out to the letter. Arboriculture was 
universal: the provinces of Valencia, Cordoba, and Toledo they 
filled with trees—fruit-trees and timber. In the warm valleys 
of the coast and in the sheltered glens of the mountains they 
acclimatised exotic fruits, plants, and vegetables hitherto restricted 
to the more benign climes of the East or to Afric’s scorching 
Tyres or SpanisH Birp-Lire 
GRIFFON VULTURE (G@yps fulvus) 
Abounds all over Spain: sketched while drying his wings after a thunderstorm, 
in the Sierra de San Cristobal, Jerez. 
strand. Sugar-cane flourished in such luxuriance as to leave 
available a heavy margin for export. The fig-tree and carob, 
quince and date-palm, the cotton-plant and orange, with other 
aromatic and medicinal herbs, together with aloes and the 
anachronous-looking prickly-pear (Cactus), its amorphous lobes 
reminiscent of the Pleistocene, were all brought over for the use 
and benefit, the delight and profit of Europe. Of these, the 
orange to-day forms one of Spain’s most valuable exports, 
representing some three millions sterling per annum. 
Silk and its manufacture represented another immense source 
