402 Unexplored Spain 
have fled from Morocco to avoid the fighting then raging around 
Melilla! But in Spain a further and anomalous complexity 
followed. For the Spanish specimens we sent home, on being 
submitted to Dr. Ernst Hartert, proved to belong to a purely 
Spanish subspecies—a race distinguishable by its weaker mandibles 
and other minor variations. Hence the movement in Spain had 
been purely internal, and it became difficult to suppose that 
(although simultaneous) it could have been predisposed and 
CROSSBILLS, ADULT AND YOUNG (Lozxia curvirostra) 
JEREZ, July 1910. 
actuated by precisely the same motives as those which com- 
pelled a more extensive exodus farther north. Thus results 
the curious issue—that presumably different causes, operating 
over a wide geographical area, produced similar and simultaneous 
effects. These immigrant crossbills disappeared from Andalucia 
at the end of August. 
Crossbills we used to observe in winter in our pine-forests of 
Dofiana ; but owing to local causes they have now missed several 
years. Their migrations within Spain are rather on the vertical 
than the horizontal plane—that is, merely seasonal movements 
between the higher lands and the lower. In Spain, denuded of 
natural forest, the habitat of such birds is narrowly restricted. 
