16 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HONEY-BEE. 
drones and queens. According to Girard, these upper glands 
were discovered by Meckel in 1846. They are very large and 
dilated in the young worker bees, while they act as nurses, 
but are slim in the bees of a broodless colony. In the 
old bees, that no longer nurse the brood, they wither 
more and more, till they become shrunken and seemingly 
dried. Hence Maurice Girard, and others before him, have 
concluded very rationally that these upper glands produce 
the milky food given to the larvae, during the first days of 
their development. Mr. Cheshire has confirmed the very 
reasonable theory that the queen, during the time of egg- 
laying, is fed by the workers from the secretions of this gland. 
Fig. 6. 
LONGITUDINAL SECTION THROUGH HEAD OF WORKER. 
(Magnified 14 times. From Cheshire.) 
a, antenna, with three muscles attached to mrp, meso-cephalic pillar; 
el, clypeus; /br, labrum or upper lip; No. 1, upper salivary or chyle gland 
(this gland really runs in front of the meso-cephalic pillars, but here the 
latter are kept in view); 0, opening of same in the mouth; oc, ocellus or 
simple eye; cq, cephalic ganglion, or brain system; », neck; th, thorax; 
e@, esophagus or gullet; sd 2, 8, salivary ducts of glands two and three; 
sv, salivary valve; ph, pharynx; /b, labium or lower lip, with its parts sepa- 
rated for display; mt, mentum or chin; mo, mouth; mz, maxilla; lp, 
labial palpi; /, ligula or tongne; b, bouton. 
40. “The queen at certain periods has the power of produ- 
cing between 2,000 and 3,000 eggs daily (98). A careful calcula- 
tion shows that 90,000 of these would occupy a cubic inch and 
