18 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HONEY-BEE. 
also to dilute the -honey when too thick, to moisten the 
(263) pollen grains, to wash the hairs when daubed with 
honey, ete. 
These glands yield their saliva while the tongue of the 
bees is stretched out; but the upper glands (No. 1, fig. 6), 
which open on both sides of the pharynx or mouth (ph), can 
yield their product only when the tongue is bent backwards, 
to help feed the larva (64) lying at the bottom of the cell. 
42. The mouth of the bee has mandibles or outer jaws, 
which move sidewise, like those of ants and other insects, 
instead of up and down as in higher animals. These jaws 
are short, thick, without teeth, and beveled inside so as to 
form a hollow when joined together, as two spoons would do. 
With them, they manipulate the wax to build their comb, 
open the anthers of flowers to get the honey, and seize and 
hold, to drag them out, robbers or intruders, or débris of 
any kind. 
Fig. 7. Fig 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. 
Head ofhoney- Headofhoney- Mandibleofhoney- Mandible of honey- 
hornet. bee. hornet. bee. 
(Magnified.) (Magnified .) (Magnified.) (Magnified.) 
43. Fig. 9 shows the jaws of the Mexican hornet highly 
magnified. Fig. 10 shows the jaws of the honey-bee, highly 
magnified. Notice the difference in the shape of the two, 
the saw-like appearance of the one, and the spatula shape 
of the other. A glance at these figures is enough to con- 
vince any intelligent horticulturist of the truth of Aristotle’s 
remark —made more than two thousand years ago — that 
** bees hurt no kinds of sound fruit, but wasps and hornets 
are very destructive to them.” 
