GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. 19 
We shall give further evidence concerning the correct- 
ness of this statement. (871) 
44. Below the antennez, the clypeus or shield (cl, fig. 6) 
projects, which is prolongated by an elastic rim called labrum 
or upper lip (dbr). The pharynx is the mouth (ph), and 
the esophagus (@) the gullet, through which the food goes 
into the stomach. 
As we have 4lready seen, the canals of the upper glands 
openon each side of the mouth, and discharge their product 
into it at will. ; 
45. The chin or mentum (mt) is not literally a part of 
the mouth. It can move forward and backward, and sup- 
ports several pieces, among which is the tongue, or proboscis, 
or ligula (1), The tongue is not an extension of the chin, 
but has its root in it, and can only be partly drawn back 
into it, its extremity, when at rest, being folded back under 
the chin. 
46. There are, on each side of the tongue, the labial 
palpi or feelers* (0, fig. 11, and Ip, fig. 6), which are fastened 
to the chin by hinged joints. They are composed of four 
pieces each, the first two of which are broad, and the other 
two small and thin, and provided with sensitive hairs of a 
very fine fabric. Outside of the palpi are. the maxille (c, 
fig. 11, and ma, fig. 6) which in some insects have the fune- 
tion of jaws, but which, in the bee, only serve, with the palpi, 
to enfold the tongue in a sort of tube, formed and opened 
at the will of the insect, and which, by a certain muscular 
motion, as also by the ability of the tongue to move up and 
down in this tube, force the food up into the mouth. 
47. The tongue is covered with hairs, which are of graded 
sizes, so that those nearest the tip or bouton are thin and 
flexible. It—-the tongue— is grooved like a trough, the 
edges of which can also unite to form a tube, with perfect 
* Organs of taste according to Leydig and Jobert. 
