140 THE BEE-IIIVES. 
is generally known as the closed-end standing-frame hive. 
Mr. Armstrong of Illinois, seems to be successful with a 
hive almost entirely similar to the Huber leaf-hive in its 
principles. Mr. Heddon, of Michigan, has also patented a 
closed-end frame hive, which is praised by some bee-keepers 
of note. ‘The reader will understand that, in these hives, 
the combs hang separately in frames, which, when joined 
together, make a body, enclosed in an outer covering. Their 
being used by a number of Apiarists, shows that these 
hives have some advantages, the greatest objection to them 
being the difficulty of fitting the frames together, after in- 
spection, without crushing some bees, unless they have been 
previously shaken out. 
286. Several attempts were made, in the first half of 
this century, to invent a practical hanging-frame hive; that 
is, a-hive in which each comb, hanging in a separate frame, 
could be readily taken out and replaced without jarring the 
hive, or removing the other frames. Propokovitsch, in 
Russia, Munn, in England, Debeauvoys, in France, tried 
and failed. At last, in October, 1851, Mr. Langstroth 
invented the top-opening movable-frame hive, now used 
the world over, in which the combs are attached to movable 
frames so suspended in the hives as to touch neither the 
top, bottom, nor sides; leaving, between the frames and 
the hive walls, a space of from one-fourth to three-eighths 
of an inch, called bee-space. (Fig. 54.) 
287. By this device the combs can be removed at pleas- 
ure, without any cutting, and speedily transferred to an- 
other hive. Our congenial friend, Prof. A. J. Cook, of 
the Michigan State Agricultural College, and author of 
‘““The Bee-keeper’s Guide,’’ says of it: ‘‘It is this hive, 
the greatest Apiarian invention ever made, that has placed 
American Apiculture in advance of that of all other coun- 
tries.’’ And no one knows, better than the revisers of this 
work, that such is the plain truth, as they have watched 
