158 THE BEE-—HIVES. 
was first discarded, and replaced by a board, making the 
hive more simple and cheaper. The glass in the rear is of 
no use, in practical bee-keeping, and for experimenting, the 
observing hives such as described (375), with only one 
comb, and both sides of glass, are to be preferred (fig. 80). 
331. The movable honey-board, between the brood- 
chamber and the upper stories, has been also discarded of 
late years, the great objection to honey-boards being that 
the bees glue them, and build small pieces of comb or 
bridges, in the space between them and the frames; the jar 
of their breaking, when the honey-board is removed, anger- 
ing the bees. 
332. The permanent bottom-board has lost favor with the 
great majority of bee-keepers, 
and is now replaced by mov- 
able bottom-boards adjustable 
at will. The Van Deusen hive- 
: clamp (fig. 64), is used by 
ive meg many Apiarists for fastening 
Fig. 64. movable bottoms or additional 
Seneeereeee stories. We have discarded the 
permanent bottom-board, owing to the difficulty of prompt- 
ly cleaning it of dead bees and rubbish, when removing bees 
from the cellar in Spring, or after a hard winter passed out 
of doors. 
333. In the ventilation of the hive, we should endeavor, as 
far as possible, to meet the necessities of the bees, under all 
the varying circumstances to which they are exposed in our 
uncertain climate, whose severe extremes of temperature 
forcibly impress upon the bee-keeper, the maxim of Virgil, 
“ Utraque vis pariter apibus metuenda.” 
‘ Extremes of heat or cold, alike are hurtful to the bees.” 
To be useful to the majority of bee-keepers, artificial 
ventilation must be simple, and not as in Nutt’s hive, and 
