residue after boiling was examined at Leiden by Dr. Jongmans, who picked out the 

 fruits and seeds. But the bulk of the washed residue was sent either in water, or wet, for 

 us to examine. Even with Dr. Jongmans' assistance so much of the preliminary picking 

 over remained to be done, that besides undertaking a great deal ourselves, we were 

 glad to enlist the services of friends. For this work our kind friend Mr. A. H. Lyell 

 volunteered, and his extensive experience in examining archaeological material was 

 very valuable. Miss Hylda Bruce both helped with this work, and also assisted in the 

 careful waxing and preservation of the specimens, without which they would probably 

 crumble away and disappear entirely in the course of a few years. Miss Bruce was 

 also able tot help us in the development and printing of the photographs, the whole of 

 the photography being done by ourselves. 



All the specimens figured in this Memoir will be placed in the palaeobotanical 

 collection of the "Rijksopsporing van Delfstoffen" and to this collection we have given 

 the figured specimens from Tegelen, published in 1907, 1908, 1910. 



So large a proportion of the Pliocene plants belong to genera previously unknown 

 in the fossil state, or only known from leaves, that comparison with fossil plants was 

 almost impossible. We have been obliged therefore to rely on the herbaria for material 

 for comparison, our own collection till lately being mainly European. The work would 

 have been extremely difficult, without the great assistance freely rendered by the Director 

 and officers of the Royal Gardens at Kew, who allowed the examination and dissection 

 of numerous fruits and seeds in the Herbarium, or supplied fresh material from the 

 Gardens, where such was available. To them our thanks are principally due. We have 

 to thank also several botanists who happened to be working at Kew, for valuable sug* 

 gestions, especially Mr. H. N. Ridley (formerly of the Singapore Botanical Gardens), 

 and Mr. S. T. Dunn (formerly of Hong Kong). Dr. A. B. Rendle (of the British 

 Museum) has also helped us. 



As many of the fossils belong to warmer countries than ours, it has been neces* 

 sary to apply for specimens or advice to botanists in other lands. Amongst those who 

 have helped we may specially mention Professor Sargent and Mr. E. H. Wilson (of 

 the Arnold Arboretum), Dr. Tokutaro Ito (of Tokyo, Japan), and Dr. Alwin Berger 

 (Curator of La Mortola Garden). 



The miscellaneous objects found in sorting the material were not many. The few 

 mosses have been examined by Mr. H. N. Dixon; some galls were sent to Professor 

 J. W. H. Trail; and the curious diseased fruits of Meliosma have been reported on by 

 Mr. G. Massee, of Kew, who has devoted special attention to the fungi. The notes of 

 these gentlemen who have so kindly assisted us have been incorporated in the text. 



