2 
2d. What kinds of trees to plant. 
3d. How to plant and when. 
4th. How to cultivate, and what crops may be safely grown in 
the orchard. 
5th. How and when to prune. 
6th. How to protect from climate, insects and animals. 
HOW TO PREPARE THE GROUND. 
The most indispensable part of this work is, to loosen deeply by 
plowing or spading the entire plat designed for an orchard. This 
is very easily and cheaply done by using a subsoil plow to follow 
a common one which has already passed as deep as a good team 
could run it. In the absence of a subsoil, a common plow can be 
made to run the second time in the same furrow, and thereby mel- 
low the soil to the depth of from twelve to fifteen or even eighteen 
inches. This same form of deep culture is also quite essential to 
permanent success in growing all kinds of fruit bearing vines and 
plants. 
The benefits secured by such deep culture are chiefly the more 
safe hibernation or self protection of all deeply imbedded roots 
during some of our frequently open and changeable winters; the 
efficient drainage thereby provided for an excessively wet time; 
and an unfailing reservoir of moisture and nutrition, which are con- 
stantly furnished by the circulation and condensation of the atmos- 
phere for the timely supply of trees and plants in a soil so deeply 
mellowed, during our frequent and long continued seasons of 
drouth. Indeed, so true is this, that on all ordinarily rolling and 
friable lands, no artificial drainage or watering will at all compare 
in efficiency and value with the spontaneous workings of kind Na- 
ture herself in a soil kept mellowed deep enough to give sufficient 
space for her faithful performances. A severe drouth therefore is 
a fearful foe to none but the shallow cultivator of the deep soi] tha 
God has given to him for a better “occupying” than he has ever 
yet made available. 
MANURING OF LANDS DESIGNED FOR AN ORCHARD.—It is a well 
attested fact that tree roots will the most rapidly extend themselves 
in any direction where a good supply of tree-food can be obtained. 
Jn order, therefore, to encourage the rapid extension of the roots, 
which shall give both growth and firmness of base to the tree, a 
