e MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1908. 



1. The Ives Linear Survey Maps. Because of their large size (2 

 inches to the mile), and the details concerning the character of the 

 swamps, the forest and the soil, this is the most useful map for the 

 field. Photolithographic copies of the township maps, of which there 

 are eighteen, may be secured for 25 cents each from the General Land 

 OflSce at Washington, D. 0. 



2. The U. S. Lake Survey Chart of Isle Eoyale, (Catalog No. Sh.). 

 This is very useful because it indicates the topography, in part by 

 hachures, and gives the details of the coast, including soundings and 

 the character of the bottom. A large tract of the interior, between 

 lakes Desor and Chickenbone, is unmapped. This map may be secui'ed 

 for 25 cents from the Lake Survey Ofiflces at Detroit and Duliith. An 

 excellent chart of the entire Lake Superior basin may be secured from 

 the same source. 



3. Lane's Geological Map. Published by the Michigan State Geo- 

 logical Survey. It accompanies Lane's report ('98) on the geology of 

 the island, and is on a scale of % of an inch to the mile. 



4. Passage Island Topographic Sheet. This is the only sheet pub- 

 lished by the U. S. Geological Survey which includes any part of Isle 

 Koyale, and it covers only the extreme northeastern end of the island. 

 This may be secured from the Survey for 5 cents. The contour inter- 

 val is 20 feet, and the scale one inch to the mile. 



5. An English land company is said to own much of the island, and 

 has published a map on a scale of "'/^ of an inch to the mile. The agent 

 for this company is R. E. Goodell, Houghton, Michigan. 



II. THE BIOTA CONSIDERED BY STATIONS. 



1,, Tile Location of Field Stations in 1905. As a detailed survey of 

 the entire island was impossible, it was necessary to select representa- 

 tive localities and conditions, or habitats, and to devote to these alj 

 available time for study and collecting. In order to make sure that 

 these conditions were representative, considerable care was necessary 

 in locating these stations. In general a Station, in the strict sense, 

 stands for a region, while a Substation refers to a particular habitat, 

 usually of relatively limited extent. The character and extent of a 

 Substation, (or, as it is generally called, for the sake of brevity, a 

 "station,") was determined primarily by the relatively homogeneous 

 character of the conditions. Thus a "station," as the Balsam-Spruce 

 forest (V, 4) for example, varied somewhat in its extent with different 

 groups of organisms. In the case of birds it included a greater area 

 than was necessary for many invertebrates, such as land snails, but 

 in every case such a "station" is intended to enable one to determine 

 wiiat organisms were dominant and characteristic of such a sample 

 situation. 



Some such system of sampling is generally advantageous or necessary, 

 and this is particularly essential in the case of a surveying party, in 

 order to give deflniteness and co-ordinated activity to their work, parti- 

 cularly if the results are to be made at all comparable. Of course some 

 individual judgment is necessary in applying such a plan to diflferent 

 groups, but no more perhaps than is necessary to carry out any other 

 comprehensive plan. 



