72 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 1908. 



where the soil is better shaded. A nest of, Formica sanguinea Latr. (No. 

 72) was placed under a decaying limb, and the soil beneath it was 

 largely composed of minute fragments of rotten wood. This ant has 

 two sorts of pupa cases. Another colony, Leptothoraw caruidensis Prov. 

 (No. 77), was also collected in Cladonia clearings. 



The largest species of ant (No. 62), Camponotus herculearms L., is 

 found always singly, and no nests were ever observed. 



Spiders also occur in the looser soil deposits, but most of them prob- 

 ably belong to the surface, such as (No. 71) Lycosa Icochii Keys, which 

 had an egg case attached, although buried under two cm. of soil. 

 The largest spider, (No. 67) Coelotes sp. of which only one specimen 

 was observed, is apparently entirely subterranean. It spins a pocket 

 just about large enough for its own body, and when uncovered does 

 not attempt to run, but buries itself in the soil or in crevices. A third 

 species was a mite (No. 64), Bhyncholophus simplex Bks. 



Other species are found in fewer numbers, such as the flshworm (No. 

 70), in soil under bearberry at a depth of 5 cm.; a shell, Zonitoides 

 arboreus Say (No. 65) ; myriapods (No. 64), and a few other 

 insects, including beetles, beetle larvae, and one Jassid (No. 64). 



2. Terrestrial Fauna. Aside from the ants, which I have included 

 in the first group, shells, spiders and grasshoppers are the most import- 

 ant members of this fauna. Of the former but one species is included, 

 Polygyra albolalris Say. It was not seen alive, but their dead shells 

 are abundant on nearly every Cladonia clearing as well as the drier 

 forest covered ridges (Nos. 20, 33, 88, 93, 138, 145, 174, 197). The 

 live ones are also found in damper places or even in swamps (No. 113). 



Spiders were numerous especially in the clumps of Cladonia, where 

 they crawled over and under the mats, frequently carrying egg cases. 

 Three species were observed, Gnaphosa hrumalis Th., Pardosa sternalis 

 Th., and Lycosa kochii Keys, (all No. 22). 



During the first part of July grasshoppers were infrequent, except the 

 wingless stages, but during the last part of the month and in August they 

 were extremely abundant. They are not confined to clearings with a 

 copious growth of Cladonia or other vegetation, but are equally abundant 

 on the most barren rock-ridges. Immature specimens of Chloealtis con- 

 spersa Harr. (No. 22) were hopping over the lichens on July 6. 



Mature forms of Melanoplus huroni Blatchl. and Circotettiw verrucu- 

 latusKby. (No 44, 35, 108, 131, 132), were very abundant. They fly 

 well, making a clicking noise the while, and very rarely leave the sunny 

 open ridge. Chloealtis conspersa Harr. (Nos. 143, 144) was collected 

 in similar places from Prmius pennsylvanica, Diervilla, and Coptis tri- 

 foUa, and the grasshopper Melanoplus alaskanus Scudd, (Nos. 146, 147) 

 was taken on Gnaphalium, Diervilla and ^ass. 



3. Aerial fauna. The light and warmth of the Cladonia clearing 

 attracted many flying species, including the cicada, TiMcen riuiosa, 

 Say, var. (44, 108, 111) ; bees, Monumetfm albifrons Kby. (68), Xantlws- 

 arus latimanus Say (68, 108), X. nielanophea 8m. (108); the dragon- 

 flies, Aeschna (No. 09), Ophiogoniphus cohibrUius and Tetragoneurin 

 spinigera Say (132) ; the butterflies, PapiUo turnus Linn. (97), Basil- 

 arohia arthcmis Dru. {97),Argynnis myrina Cramer (97), and Argynnis 

 atlantis Edw. (32), and hosts of blackflies, Simulium vemistum, Say. 



