190 MICHIGAN SURVEY, 190S. 



European aflfinities stronger than Asiatic ones; the reverse from the 

 western conifer center. 



Local lists including this fauna: Hubbard and Schwarz '78; Har- 

 rington '84; Wickham '97; Hamilton '94, 94a, '95, Klages '01. 



b. The Western Canadian Conifer Fauna. 



This includes the western mountains northward and upward to the 

 tree limit, eastward to the Great Plains and the eastern Conifers. 

 North of ithe United States this area has been extensively glaciated but 

 within the United States the glaciers were local. 



On account of this moderate glaciation in the mountains of the 

 United States, this old land surface has been a center of origin, preser- 

 vation and dispersal. It contains more endemic elements than the 

 eastern conifer center, and more local faunae. Beetles feeding upon 

 conifers and aspens are fairly characteristic. The Asiatic affinities of 

 the fauna are much more pronounced than those of the eastern con- 

 ifer center. Part of the apparently European influence may more truly 

 be considered Asiastic — both the Western and European — having 

 been derived from Asia. Elements of this fauna probably survi\'ed the 

 Ice Age on the Pacific Coast north of the United States, but the 

 humid interior has been invaded from the south, or is endemic. Le- 

 Conte '76; Wickham '96; Cockerell '93; Hamilton '94, '94a; Fall and 

 Cockerell '07; Keen '95. . 



5. Alpine and Arctie. This fauna occupies the area north of the 

 tree limit, and above the tree limit on the mountains. This fauna is 

 very imperfectly known and is limited in variety and in the number of 

 individuals. Many species are of circumpolar range in the Arctic re- 

 gions. Composed of very diverse elements and of diverse origin. . The 

 unglaciated arctic areas are probably centers of origin as well as of dis- 

 persal, as also sligliltly or moderately unglaciated alpine areas. The 

 glaciated portions have been repopulated and show incipient endemism 

 but are mainly characterized by the extensive dispersal of species, as is 

 apparently true of unglaciated Asiatic Siberia. Both of these centers 

 (Alpine and arctic) have been much confused with regard to whethei* 

 they are centers of origin or of dispersal. These types are currently 

 stated as of boreal origin, but this is very improbable for perhaps 

 the majority of the population. They may be of alpine origin on the 

 western mountains with an extensive post-Glacial dispersal favored by 

 climatic conditions, and the low topographic relief of the northern land 

 areas. Schwarz '90; Murray '70, pp. 32-33. 



Eastern Alpine, Scudder '74 ; Bowditch '96. 



Western Alpine, Carpenter '75 ; I.«Conte '78, '79 ; Schwarz '90 ; Cock- 

 erell (including Horn) '93; Wickham '03; Fall and Cockerell '07. 



VI. The General Characteristics and Affinities of the Isle Royale Fauna.. 



1. Faunal Characteristics. The accompanying list of beetles col- 

 lected in 1905 includes 89 species. The only previous list is that by 

 Hubbard and Schwarz ('78) in which they list 123 species. A surprisiag^ 

 feature of our 1905 collections is that of our 89 species, 66 are not 

 listed by Hubbard and Schwarz. Such species are indicated by the 



