GARDENING FOR ALL. 93 
of placing the fruit before the public in the most attractive 
and honest manner, by separating the superior from the 
inferior fruit, and by arranging that the fruit at the top shall 
be a fair sample of the whole of each package. 
CURRANTS.—/Ribes rubrum & nigrum). 
There are three kinds of currants in general cultivation 
—-red, white and black. As the cultural details of red and 
white currants are the same, I shall deal with the two as one 
—red. The black currant is of a wholly different habit and 
must be managed differently. 
Red currants, like to all fruit trees, may be raised from 
seed, but they are usually raised from cuttings. The shoots 
selected for cuttings should be firm, straight, clean, short- 
jointed, as thick as a lead pencil, and about fifteen inches 
long when the top has been cut off. 
Prepare the cutting by making a clean cut at the base 
straight across and just below a joint. Carefully remove, 
with the point of a knife, all the buds from the base and lower 
part ot the cutting, leaving only four or five at the top. If 
the buds have been properly removed, this will ensure a clear 
stem of several inches above the ground, a thing most 
desirable in red currants and gooseberries. 
The cuttings should then be planted in straight lines 
fifteen inches apart, and six inches apart in the lines. Plant 
the cuttings firmly and deeply, leaving several inches of clear 
wood between the soil and the lowest bud. 
At the end of the first year each rooted plant should be 
transplanted, either to where it is to remain permanently or 
into nursery lines; and, if they have made good growth, the 
shoots may be pruned to half their length, cutting to a bud 
that points in the direction in which the branch ought to 
grow, which is usually outwards and upwards. 
Red currants are amenable to various styles of training, 
but they usually produce the best results from bushes. Trees 
trained grid-iron form upon walls produce abundance of fruit 
of the finest quality. Fruit so grown is easily protected by 
netting from the depredations of birds, and it will hang until 
