ON LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 9 



centrated at the centre of the principal front. From these points 

 the gardener must start to stake, taking, one after the other, the 

 different objects which it is decided to include in the picture — 

 such as a church steeple, a ruin, water, rockery, &c. Some- 

 times these views may be hidden by trees, through which 

 openings will have to be made, or by other obstacles, which 

 will likewise have to be overcome. Their positions will be 

 found on the plan by taking the angle formed by two lines, of 

 which one will mark the future opening, and this will then be 

 noted on the ground by the aid of the compass. 



The different views and aspects, regarded from other parts of 

 the garden or park, must afterwards be fixed with exactness. 

 For this purpose the lines used and marked on the plan of 

 situation will be reproduced on the ground, and with some 

 perpendiculars and angles measured and traced from them the 







Fig. 2. — Diagram of Reciprocal View. 



gardener will arrive at the required situation. The start and 

 the direction of the view will then be found. In fixing these 

 lines of sight the peculiarity of the angle of sight must be taken 

 into consideration. The object to be set in view must be seen 

 in all its width : it must not be concentrated into a narrow 

 opening ; such an opening must be wider at its extremity than 

 at its start, close to the point of observation. If the view is to 

 be reciprocal — that is, if the two ends become each in turn top. 

 and base of the triangle — the opening must not be bounded by 

 two parallel lines, but must be managed as shown in Fig. 2. 



The outline of a lake, river, &c, must be pleasing, and in 

 harmony with the situation. Very often the agreeable forms given 

 to creations on paper will have to be altered on the ground. It 

 must be remarked here that a curve appears much more accen- 

 tuated when traced on the ground. It will be well, after the 

 principal points of the lake have been determined, to join them 



