1 6 THE BOOK OF GARDENING. 



and F. With the length of one of those parts as radius, and 

 the points E, F, as centres, two circles are traced, of which 

 the circumferences cut each other in C and D. From C, two 

 diameters of the circles are traced, of course passing through| 

 the centres, E, F, and meeting the circumferences in I, J. A 

 similar operation is performed from D. From the point C as 

 centre, and the diameter CJ as radius, the two circles are 

 joined by an arc, which will meet them in I and J, and this 

 can be repeated from D at GH. Another way : The major, 

 axis (AB) being given (Fig. 15), at rather less than a third of 

 that line from the end, a peg is inserted as at C. That distance 

 is measured from B, and a peg inserted at D. A string is 



fastened at C and D, and put loosely 

 over B. Then a stick (E) is put in 

 the loop, and moved round the foci 

 C and D in one direction, the string 

 being kept taut. This is by far the 

 easiest method to practise on a large 

 scale. 



(8) To trace with a garden line an 



ellipse of which the major and minor 

 Fig. 16. — Tracing an Ellipse. , /T7 . , N „, 



(Third Method.) axes are known ( Fl S- l6 ) = The major 



axis AB is divided in E into two 

 equal parts by the minor axis CD; taking the half of CD, 

 and measuring it on AB, will give AF. FE is then divided 

 into three equal parts, of which one is measured in G on FA. 

 The length AG is then also measured on BE, giving the point 

 H. With the garden line two equilateral triangles are traced 

 according to Example 3, having as common base GH, and as 

 apices I and J respectively, the sides being produced. With 

 GA as radius, the arc KAL, and with HB, the arc MBN, are 

 traced. The ellipse is then completed by tracing two other arcs 

 having as centre I and J, and touching the previously-traced arcs 

 at the points L, K, M, and N. 



With these examples most of the plain figures of a geometri- 

 cal garden can be traced, even if the gardener has no other 

 instruments than line and pegs at hand for the purpose. 



The tracing of orchards and fruit and kitchen gardens is, as 

 a rule, very easy. The right angle is the dominating feature, 

 and great care must be taken in well fixing the axes and their 

 perpendiculars. When the tracing of a regular garden has to 

 be executed on very inclined ground, it must be done according 



