References 137 



we may say, by way of expressing a tentative view- 

 point, is the nature of primitive intelligence. 



But it will be seen that the capacity to form 

 new adaptations rests upon the primary adaptive- 

 ness of the instinctive reactions. The power of for- 

 mation of associg,tions alone would never lead to 

 improvement. The adaptiveness of intelligence is 

 based upon the adaptiveness of instinct; it may be 

 said that intelligence is a means of enabling an ani- 

 mal to live its life more completely and success- 

 fully, but instinct furnishes the fundamental springs 

 of action. Even complex creatures like ourselves 

 form no exception to this rule. 



REFERENCES 



Bain, A. The senses and the intellect. 3d ed., 

 1894. The emotions and the will, 4th ed., 1899. 



Baldwin, J. M. Mental development. Meth- 

 ods and processes. 2nd ed. N. Y., 1903. De- 

 velopment and evolution. N. Y., 1902. 



Bohn, G. La naissance de 1' intelligence. Paris, 

 1909. 



Hob HOUSE, L. T. Mind in evolution. London, 

 1901. 



Holmes, S. J. ( i ) Pleasure, pain and the be- 

 ginnings of intelligence. Jour. Comp. Neur. Psych. 

 20, 145, 191 o. (2) The evolution of animal intelli- 

 gence. N. Y., 19 II. 



