362 MARINE INVERTEBRATES 
Genus Chlorostoma 
This genus is represented in California by several species, the 
commonest of which is probably C. funebrale—a doleful name, no 
doubt given on account of the jet-black color.. 
C. funebrale. The shell is thick and strong, like most between-tide 
species, which are constantly exposed to the buffeting of the waves. It 
is to be found in countless thousands upon rocks exposed at low tide, 
and may be gathered at any time except full flood-tide, like the littorinas 
and purpuras of the east coast. Within the aperture the surface is 
nacreous and greenish in tint; the last whorl is drawn in, like gathers, 
at the suture. The umbilicus is closed. There is a white nodule at the 
base of the lip of the columella. Length one half of an inch to one inch, 
(Plate LX VIL.) 
C. brunnewm. This species is brown, as its name would indicate, 
and there is greenish nacre within the aperture. It lives upon kelp, or 
upon rocks at very low tide. Length about an inch. (Plate LXVL} 
Genus Trochiscus 
T. norrisi. A flattened shell with rounded, dome-like spire and 
obtuse apex; a fairly common species. It has a wide, deep umbilicus 
and a sharp lip. It is of a rich brown color, with dark chestnut about 
the umbilical region and greenish-white within the umbilicus; there is 
a band of dark olive-green about the inner margin of the lip. The shell 
is about two inches in diameter and of a somewhat greater height. The 
operculum is multispiral, with a central nucleus, and is shaggy and 
rough. Like all other trochids, it feeds upon alge. It is often found 
upon the beach after violent storms. Found in California, south of San 
Francisco. (Plate LXVI.) ; 
! Genus Livona 
I. pica. This large and interesting trochid is a West Indian species 
which sometimes occurs in Florida. It lives about coral reefs and rocky 
shores, attaching itself in vast numbers to the rocks. This shell is a 
favorite refuge for large hermit-crabs. It is a curious sight in certain 
of the West India islands to see a Livona pica shell scrambling up a tree, 
looking very much out of place upon the back of some terrestrially in- 
clined crustacean. When well cleaned it is a beautiful shell, with black 
wavy lines over a greenish-white nacreousf dation. The animal has 
a row of waving cirri upon each side of the mantle, and long, slender 
tentacles. It is largely used as an article of diet in the West Indies and 
Central America. (Plate LX VII.) 
FAMILY TURBINIDE 
This family is very closely allied to the trochids, the most 
striking difference being in the operculum, which in the Turbinide 
is calcareous and usually smooth and very convex on the outside. 
