372 MARINE INVERTEBRATES 
variety is thinner, with a higher spire and smoother surface, and has a 
color-scheme of decoration. It would be impossible to disconnect the 
two, for a large series of specimens will demonstrate beyond doubt, 
through every minute degree of variation, that the two forms belong to 
one and the same species. The station of L. rudis is much the same as 
that of L. litorea, but the smaller colored variety of rudis prefers quieter 
and more sheltered spots. It is occasionally found on reeds and grasses, 
on the piling of wharves, on large boulders above the line of alge, and 
on alge. It has been the writer’s experience not to find rudis and litorea 
associated together. ; ; 
L. palliata. A low-spired, globular shell with a large, tumid, smooth 
body-whorl. The columella is flattened, curved below, and imperforate. 
The color is exceedingly variable, but is usually bright, shining olive, 
and this is especially the case with those individuals that find 
their station in the dense masses of alge that form so conspic- 
uous a feature of a low-tide scene on a rocky New England 
coast. From pure olive-green to yellow or bright red, with 
©” revolving black bands, seems a long chromatic leap, but it is 
rivera not too great for the Designer of these pretty little globular 
pows® ‘hells, As a rule, the color of the shell simulates pretty 
closely that of the seaweed upon which it lives, and inexperienced 
eyes may easily overlook hundreds of specimens, all within close reach. 
The banded varieties are less common. The head of the animal is 
somewhat orange in color, the foot slate. The distinguishing features 
of this species are the smooth, globular shell, the low spire, the broadly 
flattened columella, and the orange-colored head of the animal. It is 
found on Fucus between tides, and often associated with L. rudis, on 
the whole coast north of New Jersey. The three preceding species 
are distinctly boreal in their range, but their place is taken in south- 
ern Atlantic waters of the United States by the following exceedingly 
common species: 
LZ. irrorata. A solid, robust shell, which attains a length of about 
one inch. It is in many respects suggestive of L. litorea, its Northern 
relative, but the spire is higher, with straighter out- 
lines, and the apex is acute. The surface is ornamented 
with closely set, revolving ribs; the sutures are indis- 
tinct ; the lip is thin, though thickened just within; and 
the color is whitish to pale cinereous greenish, sometimes 
spotted with broken brownish lines. Within it is white, 
with a reddish tinge on the columella, and brownish 
spots on the edge of the lip. This species ranges from 
Maryland to Texas; its station is between tides. 
L. angulifera. Asthe last speciesresembles L. litorea, 
so this other common Southern form resembles a greatly “#orina trrerata. 
developed and large L. rudis of the smoother variety. 
It has a high-spired shell, with an acute black tip. It has about six whorls, 
which are variously decorated by wavy, oblique black lines and revolv- 
ing black lines broken into series of dots and larger spots near the suture. 
The ground-color varies from yellow to purple. None of the colors are 
very vivid. Within it is yellowish-white. This species hasa much thinner 
and more delicate shell than any of the littorinas thus far considered. It 
is common on the piling of wharves and in sheltered nooks everywhere 
