THE FOREST-BED OF EAST ANGLIA 107 



" La Seine " ^, parts of two frontals, with the bases of the antlers, being figured. These 

 fossils appear to me to agree in all essential respects with the Pakefield specimen. 

 The inclination of the antlers, the distance from one another of the pedicles, and in 

 particular the position of the brow-tine agree in the two forms ; the measurements 

 correspond with a sufficient degree of accuracy ; while it further appears from 

 Belgrand's plate xix. that the second tine of Cervus belgrandi does not originate in the 

 same line with the brow-tine, but at a point 90° further forward than the line 

 containing the base of the brow-tine, in exactly the way that is characteristic of 

 G. verticornis. Pohlig 2 regards the rudimentary condition of the brow-tine as a leading 

 characteristic of C. helgrandi. Had he, however, copied Belgrand's representation of 

 the right antler in pi. xviii., instead of that of the left antler, this condition would 

 have been much less apparent ; and in the specimen ^ from Taubach which he himself 

 figures (pi. xxiv. fig. 1) the brow-tine has essentially the characters of that of the 

 Forest-Bed form. 



Cervus giganteus italice also shows some interesting resemblances to the Forest-Bed 

 form. The specimens in the Museums of Milan and Arezzo figured by Pohlig * have 

 a palmated crown which shows a distinct resemblance to the Pakefield specimen, from 

 which they diiFer, however, in the larger development of the points of the crown and in 

 having the brow-tine in the position characteristic of the typical C. giganteus. Part of 

 the definition of this form given by Lydekker — the upward inclination of the palmation, 

 the front border of which is curved inwardly so that much of the outer surface is seen 

 in a front view, and the occurrence of the points of the crown near the summit of the 

 palmation — will apply equally well to G. belgrandi. The general direction of the 

 antlers, the beams of which spread out at first nearly horizontally, the palmated part 

 then curving upwards, is again strikingly suggestive of that form. 



G. megaceros ruffii was named and figured by Nehring^, who calls attention to the 

 absence of points on the anterior edge of the palmated part as an indication of affinity 

 to G. dama. Although agreeing in this respect with G. helgrandi, it has already 

 acquired long tines springing from the distal border of the crown in a manner 

 suggestive of the Irish Deer. Some of the specimens of this race, for instance that 

 from the Worms Museum figured by Pohlig (p. 222, figs. 4 c and 4 d), show a much 

 closer approach to the Forest-Bed species, in the way in which the crown is set on to 

 the beam and in the slight development of the terminal snags. 



The general conclusion seems to be that G. helgrandi is the most central type of the 

 Giant Deer, showing as it does a distinct affinity to the Fallow-deer as well as to the 



' " Hist. Gen. de Paris. La Seine. — I. Lc Bassin Parisien," par E. Belgrand. ' Planches de Paleontologie,' 

 1869, p. ]3, pis. xTiii.-xx. ' T.cit. p. 232. 



^ I do not feel convinced that this really belongs to C. helgrandi. * T. cit. p. 228. 



° " tJber eine besondere Eiesenhirsch-Easse aus der Gegend von Kottbus," Sitzungsber. Ges. naturf. Fr. 

 Berlin, 1891, p. 151. See also papers by the same author, " Neue Notizen iiber Oervus megaceros, var. ruffii, 

 Nhrg.," ibid. 1892, p. 3 ; and ' Deutsche Jager-Zeitung,' xxxii. 1899, p. 681 ; xxxiii. 1899, p. 413. 



VOL. XV, — PART IV. No. 4. — December, 1899. R 



