74 ' Veterinary Medicine. 



Treatment : The most promising resort is to introduce a staff 

 with a cloth or sponge firmly tied on its end and saturated with 

 benzine, naphtha, chloroform, olive oil, or with a few drops car- 

 bon bisulphide. Russian empirics are said to use a brush on the 

 end of a staff. If within reach the bots may be picked off with the 

 fingers, or a spatula or wire loop may be used. 



CE. Trompe of the pharynx of the reindeer, has the same 

 symptoms and treatment. 



GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL BOTS. PATHOGENESIS. 

 LESIONS. SYMPTOMS. 



All ages and conditions of solipeds harbor these, the one pre- 

 requisite being that the animal shall have been exposed in the 

 open air during the previous summer and autumn months. 

 Horses that live in mines may take them in at any season of the 

 year, the heat of the underground shafts favoring the develop- 

 ment of the fly. The larvae live in the digestive canal for nearly 

 a year, but they seem to become more injurious as they reach full 

 development and near the period of their expulsion. This may 

 be explained by their greater size, and activity, and by the en- 

 creasing hardness of the corneous rings and their rows of spines. 



In cold latitudes they are as a rule less numerous, and delete- 

 rious results are exceptional, or unknown. Thus in England, 

 Bracy Clark was led to believe them not only innocuous but posi- 

 tively beneficial through a supposed stimulation of the secretions 

 of stomach and bowels and improvement of the digestion. A 

 sojourn in Southern or Central Europe or on our American 

 prairies, where they are to be found in hundreds or even a thous- 

 and in one animal (Numan), and a consideration of their action 

 on the delicate gastric mucosa of the right sac, or the duodenal 

 mucosa, would have corrected the error. His dose of 25 full 

 grown larvse given to a horse was really no sufficient test. 



In the left sac of the stomach they make small round holes in 

 the mucous membrane from which the epithelium has been re- 

 moved, so that they are red and vascular, and the margins of 

 which are raised by epithelial hypertrophy. If the larvse have 

 been detached for some time these pits may contain pus. They 

 rarely extend to the muscular coat. 



