86 Veterinary Medicine. 



hardened ones. Sheep folds, in summer, should be frequently 

 sprinkled with tar water, naphthalin or lime, and kept clean. All 

 grubs seen on the ground should be crushed. Heads of slaugh- 

 tered sheep, and of those dying of " grub in the head " or other 

 disease, should be boiled. 



Medicinal Treatment. Sternutatories have been used for a 

 length of time with the view of causing the expulsion of the larva 

 by sneezing. They can only be effective in the first few weeks 

 and for the young grubs that have not yet entered the sinu.ses. 

 Quicklime, powdered white helebore, snuff and naphthalin may 

 be tried, especially the two latter. A pinch may be placed in 

 each nostril several times a day. Most liquid injections are of 

 little more value. Tobacco water, oil of turpentine, and olive oil 

 or glycerine in equal parts, oil of tar and other agents have been 

 employed, being injected with a syringe and long nozzle. In the 

 writer's hands benzine has proved better than anything else. The 

 sheep having been placed on its side with the nose slightly raised, 

 a teaspoonful is poured into the nostril on the lower side and the 

 nostril closed for thirty seconds. It is then turned on the other 

 side and the other nostril similarly treated. It may be repeated 

 daily or less frequently until the grubs are destroyed. This 

 agent, so deadly to the parasite and harmless to the sheep, tends 

 to enter the sinuses through gravitation and its extreme volatility 

 and difEusibility, and can only escape slowly. 



Tobacco smoke has also been tried but is not to be recom- 

 mended. Fumes of burning tar and sulphur have been highly 

 commended. 



Surgical Treatment. This consists in boring into the frontal 

 sinus, washing this out with tepid water that has been boiled and 

 then injecting some one of the agents advised in case of the nose, 

 notably benzine. In horned sheep the operation is exceedingly 

 simple, the opening being made close to the root of the horn in 

 the frontal crest extending from horn to horn. An incision may 

 be made in the skin and the bone laid bare so that the trephine 

 used in coenurus may be employed. In its absence I have often 

 used a good sized gimlet, directing it from behind forward, or 

 before backward across the crest so that if it should make a sudden 

 plunge when it has perforated the outer plate it cannot possibly 

 pass into, or through, the inner. A most effective way of reach- 



