Cavicola. Cephalemyia. CEstridcs. 87 



ing the sinus is to cut off the horn at its root. In polled sheep 

 the procedure is more delicate and difficult. A transverse line is 

 drawn across the forehead from the middle of the one superciliary 

 arch to that of the other ; a second line is drawn down the centre 

 of the forehead and face ; the incisions are made in the upper 

 angles formed by these lines, and where the bone is most promi- 

 nently rounded. In perforating the bone one should use the 

 guarded trephine as in ccenurus, or, if a gimlet is resorted to,, it 

 should be carefully guarded by the fore finger, so that it may not 

 plunge through the inner bony plate when it has fully perforated 

 the outer. One or both sides should be operated on according as 

 the discharge is from one or both nostrils. In washing out the 

 sinuses it is well to first introduce a teaspoonful of benzine to 

 loosen or stupefy the larvae, and then a large quantity of tepid 

 water to wash these out through the nose. Finally a little ben- 

 zine may be injected and left in the sinus to destroy any larva 

 that may have been left. This done a stitch may be placed in the 

 wound, and a covering of tar or crude turpentine applied. Some 

 add a canvas or leather face cover. 



For very large flocks Railliet, Neumann and Curtice advise the 

 slaughter of the worst cases, and the abandoning of the rest. 

 But for large as for small flocks the rational treatment is preven- 

 tion, and the extinction of the fly in the locality. 



CEstrus (Cephalemyia; Maculata: Spotted CE., hiber- 

 nates as larva in the nasal sinuses and pharynx of camel, drome- 

 dary and buffalo, producing irritation and even death as in the 

 sheep. It is twice the size of the bot of the horse. 



CEstrus (Cephalemyia) Trompe : Trumpet CE., hiberr 

 nates in the pharynx and nasal sinuses of the reindeer, proving 

 fatal in many cases. 



. Nasal and pharyngeal larvae have been found in deer, goats, 

 and other solidungula. 



These must be dealt with on the same principle as the oestrus 

 of the sheep, and the pharyngeal oestrus of the horse. 



CE, Variolosus inhabits S. Africa, and CE. Purpureas Cen- 

 tral Europe and the Caucasus, but their larvae are unknown. 



