248 Veterinary Medicine. 



and produce embryos, probably by parthenogenesis. As 

 found in the fasces of the same host, there are males and 

 females which copulate and produce embryos, but these 

 only attain maturity when they enter the mammal or in 

 case they are kept in a thermostat at the mammalian tem- 

 perature. 



PARASITES OF THE CESOPHAGUS. 



CEstrus : Egui and Hcemorrhoidalis ; Hypoderma Bovis ; Spiroptera 

 Scutata : Following a zigzag line in epithelium of thoracic part. Ox, horse. 

 Spiroptera Pulchra, tongue, pharynx, pig. Trichosoma Contortum, in crop 

 causing impaction, emaciation, debility ; after 5 to 10 days impaction, and 

 death in two days ; lives also in ingesta in intestines. Latter demands vermi- 

 fuges. Spiroptera Uncinata in gullet, crop, and small intestines ; ducks, 

 geese. Causes inordinate appetite, disphagia, dulness, drooping, ruffled 

 feathers, hurried breathing. Tropisurus Inflatus : Keel-like tail in male ; 

 in submucous cysts of gullet and proventriculus ; duck, fatal inflammation. 



The oesophagus may be the seat of a number of parasites most 

 of which are habitually found in the stomach, and which do not 

 as a rule cause serious trouble. Under given conditions, how- 

 ever, of special weakness or susceptibility on the part of the host, 

 or multiplicity of the parasites these conditions are reversed, and 

 a fatal parasitism may ensue. CEstrus. The larvae of at least 

 two oestri (gastrophilus equi and gastrophilus haemorrhoidalis) 

 are found in the gullet of solipeds and in a case, already quoted, 

 the present writer found the presence of these parasites above the 

 cardia, associated with local spasm and obstruction, and a fatal 

 infection with ingesta of the whole length of the viscus up to 

 the pharynx. 



Cooper Curtice has also found that the larvae of the cestrus 

 (hypoderma) bovis in its earlier stages of development, in the 

 walls of the gullet, migrating as he claims to its subcutaneous 

 winter home. 



Spiroptera. These worms are found in the epithelium of the 

 mucosa of the gullet in horses (S. Microstoma), dogs (S. 

 Sanguinolenta), oxen, sheep and goat (S. Scutata). The 

 tumors caused by the spiroptera in horse or dog may attain to the 



