Parasites in the Stomachs of Birds. 263 



Pathogenesis and Symptoms. Legros describes a deadly epizo- 

 otic caused by this parasite, which, present in myriads, buried the 

 anterior part of the body or the whole in the wall of the gizzard 

 and sucked the blood. The fowls were dull, dejected and 

 emaciated, yet retained a voracious appetite to the last. 



Diagnosis can hardly be made apart from a necropsy, but once 

 recognized, the disease should be treated by one of the various 

 vermifuges. 



Spiroptera Hamulos'a (small hook) was found by Metterer in 

 small tumors on the surface of the gizzard of a fowl in Brazil. 

 The male was 4^^ lines in length, the female 10 to 12 lines. No 

 evil effects are noted. 



Physalopterus Truncatus (cut ofE) . So called because of 

 its puffed up lips, each provided with three papillae externally 

 and teeth internally at the extremity. The male is about 12 lines 

 in length and the female 16 lines. It has been found in Brazil in 

 the proventriculus of a chicken. Pathogenic effects are not re- 

 corded. 



Tropisurus Inflatus and Tropisurus Fissispinus are two 

 species of parasites of the proventriculus of the duck, inhabiting 

 submucus cysts and sometimes giving rise to fatal inflammations 

 (Zurn). The female has a thick ovoid body. The male is thread- 

 like, 15 to 18 times longer than it is thick, and with its tail turned 

 downward like a keel. 



Hystrichis Tricolor. So named because the anterior part of 

 the body is studded with booklets or prickles. The female, about 

 12 lines in length is white externally, with black intestine and red 

 oesophagus, giving three colors to as many parts of the surface. 

 It has been found with the hooked anterior part of the body 

 buried in the walls of the proventriculus of the duck, so that it 

 may be impossible to extract it. It gives rise to irritation and 

 inflammation. 



Strongylus Nodularis. Body cylindroid, attenuated in 

 front, the mouth has laterally two vesiculous nodules, and in the 

 pharynx are three teeth which can be projected externally. The 

 male is 4>^ to 5 lines long, the female 4^ to 9 lines in length. 

 The vulva is over ^ line from the end of the tail. This is found 

 in the tame goose in the mucous aiid muscular coats of the pro- 

 ventriculus, and duodenum. 



