Intestinal Parasites of Cattle. 279 



the distinctive characters of its genus : head bent (hooked) 

 sharply dorsad near the end ; round mouth turned so as to open 

 upward, the upper lip being shorter, furnished with a chitinous 

 lining and bearing two ventral teeth near the base, and others 

 near the protruded, upward-curved, ventral border. Dentations 

 may also appear on the upper border. This is followed by a 

 strong muscular gullet, terminating behind in a fusiform dilata- 

 tion. The male has two spicula and a membraneous expansion 

 supported by eleven rays. Oviparous, eggs ovoid, with thin 

 transparent shell. Embryos may be encysted in the mucosa. 



Symptoms. These are extremely indefinite beyond the stunted 

 growth, the spare angular body, deficient in muscle, the unthrifty 

 hide-bound skin, and the bloodlessness of the visible mucosae gen- 

 erally. In some cases when the worms are very numerous and 

 the irritation extreme and extensive, colics and scouring may be 

 induced, especially in the young, but usually the manifestations 

 are those of anaemia, and its resultant troubles. There may be 

 giddiness, unsteady or staggering gait, palpitation, anaemic cardiac 

 murmur, thrill with pulsation, and even dropsical effusions in the 

 limbs, under the chest or abdomen, between the branches of the 

 lower jaw, around the throat, in the eye-lids, or in one of the serous 

 cavities. The most conclusive evidence, however, is the finding 

 of the worms or their eggs in the manure passed. As the small 

 size of the worms interferes with their discovery in this way, it is 

 well in cases of anaemia or cachexia to wash the faeces in a suc- 

 cession of waters letting the sediment fall to the bottom each 

 time before the supernatant water is poured off. In this way the 

 worms and eggs fall and remain with the precipitate, so that when 

 all the floating material and the fine suspended and coloring mat- 

 ter, that serves to hide the worms, has been washed out, the par- 

 asites are found in the clear granular and fibrous debris where 

 they are easily recognized. The eggs are usually found in the 

 superficial layer of thin sediment. A little of this, or even of the 

 mucus, or the surface layer from the faeces placed under the mi- 

 croscope may reveal the elliptical ovum, characterized by its thin, 

 smooth, transparent skin, and its yolk usually already segmented. 



For man, in addition to the above. Stiles advises to evacuate 

 the bowels by a dose of oil, following one of thymol, to collect all 

 the fasces, wash and sediment them several times in a bucket, and 

 examine the precipitate for the worms. 



