28o Veterinary Medicine. 



Treatment. This is the same as for other intestinal worms. 

 Stiles especially recommends thymol followed by an oleaginous 

 purge. 



Prevention. The thorough cleansing and lime washing of the 

 buildings is important and the supply of water from deep wells, 

 well cemented and closed at the top to prevent the entry of em- 

 bryo worms and their eggs. The pastures should be occupied by 

 different genera of stock in successive years, so that the worms will 

 perish, for lack of their proper hosts, or if permanent pastures 

 are not a necessity, the fields should be plowed up at intervals of 

 a few years, and subjected to a rotation of crops before being 

 again laid down in grass. In the last year of such rotation cattle 

 manure should not be applied on fields that are to be laid down for 

 cattle pasture in the ensuing year. (See U. Cernua.) 



Tricocephalus Affinis. Whip-Worm of Cattle, Sheep 

 and Goats. This worm is so named because of its affinity in 

 form to the Tricocephalus Dispar of man. It is a small worm, 6 

 to 8 cm. long, but the, cephalic two-thirds are extremely thin and 

 hair-like, and the thick portion is usually curved into a close coil 

 at the tail. The head usually shows two lateral, transparent, 

 membraneous expansions which are characteristic. The male 

 has a single long spiculum with trumpet-shaped sheath covered 

 with reversed triangular spines. Female with blunt tail. Vulva 

 at point of union of attenuated and thick portions of body. Ovi- 

 parous ; eggs elliptical with two transparent buttons at the two 

 ends ; length 0.077 ™™- 



Iveuckart has traced the development of the eggs in a damp 

 medium in fifteen days in warm weather, but often after a delay 

 of months in winter. In this way they easily survive from year 

 to year out of the body, as well as in the large intestine ("caecum 

 and colon) which form their usual habitat. 



They are not usually numerous nor noticeably injurious in 

 adult cattle, but may be present in large numbers in sheep and 

 goats, and especially in the weak and immature. 



Pathogenesis. This parasite attacks ruminants generally, 

 hence the presence or absence of the whole family of polygastric 

 animals must be considered in any attempt to extirpate them from 

 a locality. The bovine animals may appear to suffer little them- 

 selves, and yet keep a pasturage, river or locality stocked 



