Intestinal Parasites of Cattle. 281 



with a worm that proves most injurious to the smaller ruminants. 

 They attach themselves by burrowing the head and neck in the 

 mucosa, and when present in large numbers cause great irrita- 

 tion, indigestion, anaemia and emaciation. 



Treatment is called for more frequentl}' in the small ruminants; 

 in cattle, rather as a means of extirpating the parasite from the 

 locality and protecting sheep from its ravages. 



Equally important is it to destroy or remove the ova which 

 have escaped with the faeces and which in fifteen days can de- 

 velop into embryo worms ready to start a new career in the 

 bowels. 



Trichina Spiralis is sometimes found in the intestines and 

 muscles of cattle, but so rarely that it requires no special notice. 



Undetermined Embryo. Dreschler found in the intestinal 

 mucosa of cattle small caseated nodules, like pin-heads or peas, 

 each containing a larva of i mm. long. Neumann suggests that 

 they may be larvae of strongyles. Possibly oesophagastoma. 



Filaria Cervina. Filaria of thb Stag. This is found in 

 the peritoneum of cattle, deer and stags. It differs from the 

 Filaria Papillosa of the horse by the absence of the four post-oral 

 papillae and of integumentary striae,, and by the termination of 

 the caudal papillae of the female in a .series of short, blunt points, 

 preceded by two lateral longer papillae. Male, 5 to 6 cva.; female, 

 6 to 10 cm. Ovoviviparous . Pathogenesis unknown. 



Echinococcus Veterinorum. Echinococcus Polymor- 

 phus. This is a common parasite of the peritoneum in cattle. 

 (See under " Diseases of the Liver "). 



CysticercusTenuicoUis (tenuisdelicate,collumneck). Diving 

 Bladder Worm. This is the larval or cystic form of the taenia 

 marginata of the dog and is a common parasite of the ox's peri- 

 toneum. It has a round or elliptical caudal sac of 15 to 50 mm. 

 in diameter, with an orifice in which the head and long, thin neck 

 of the parasite are invaginated. The active movements of the 

 head in this sac have given rise to the name of diving bladder 

 worm. It may be observed when the fresh cyst is placed in a 

 saucer of milk-warm water. Usually but one or two cysts are 

 found and no morbid symptoms are noticeable, yet when the ripe 

 segments of the taenia are given so as to develop many cysts, these 

 may produce diffuse haemorrhagic hepatitis or peritonitis. 



