Intestinal Parasites of the Dog. 311 



liver may come to weigh 100 pounds ; extreme cases have shown 

 145 pounds (Roberts and Gregory), and 158 pounds (Ringk). In 

 the pig an invaded liver of four pounds is not uncommon, while 

 examples of 100 pounds (Cartwright), and even no pounds 

 (Girard) have been recorded. The ox's lung has been found to 

 weigh 100 pounds (Ringk, Friedberger and Frbhner) to 108 

 pounds (Morot). 



In case of many echinococci the organ is usually irregularly 

 bosselated on the surface and often seriously distorted. In old 

 standing cases the walls are usually thickened, and there may be 

 fibroid degeneration in the surrounding tissue. There may be 

 an exudate inside the fibrous capsule, with blood or pus, or de- 

 generated into a granular, sebaceous debris. The pressure from 

 this product may have led to collapse of the contained cyst, and 

 to its contraction into a cicatricial mass. Even then the remnant 

 of debris in the centre is liable to show some of the hooklets, the 

 horny nature of which has enabled them to resist the process of 

 disintegration. Another feature of these cysts is that the inner 

 or hydatid wall contracts no adhesion to surrounding structures, 

 from which it can be dissected leaving a smooth uniform surface. 



Symptoms. Echinococcus is rarely diagnosed in the domestic 

 animal during life. When invading the lungs the slow progress 

 of the affection and comparative absence of fever serve to differ- 

 entiate it from lung plague, as will also in many cases the mul- 

 tiple centres of consolidation, and the great prominence of the 

 mucous rile. From pulmonary tubercle diagnosis is less easy, 

 unless the tuberculin test is resorted to. If the liver is involved 

 its bosselated surface can often be reached by the hand in the 

 rectum. With serious disorder of both lungs and liver in a lo- 

 cality known to be free from lung plague and tubercle (but sub- 

 ject to echinococcus) and in an animal that does not respond to 

 tuberculin, there may be a strong presumption in favor of 

 echinococcus. If dogs are kept in company with the herd, and 

 if one or more harbor Taenia Echinococcus the presumption is 

 still stronger. 



The loss of condition of the animal, the decline of appetite 

 and rumination and the general unthriftiness and anaemia mark 

 progress rather than specify the nature of the disease. In cases 

 affecting the liver, jaundice is liable to appear, and in those affect- 



