358 Veterinary Medicine. 



recent to show anaemia, emaciation, jaundice and blanching of 

 the tissiies. Other complications are intestinal or lung worms, 

 scabies, and asthenia, which are favored by local conditions or 

 debility. A distinct feature in many advanced cases is a heavy 

 mawkish odor of the carcase, which becomes still more repulsive 

 with the unusually speedy advent of putrefaction. Simonds re- 

 cords a case of choleraic diarrhoea, proving fatal in two days and 

 apparently hastened or aggravated by this offensive odor. 



Prevention. The difiSculty of reaching the liver flukes by 

 effective parasiticides emphasizes the importance of preventive 

 measures. These must be conducted along two lines : First, the 

 destruction of the flukes, and second, the invigorating of the sys- 

 tem so that it bear up against the invasion and survive it. 



Destruction of Flukes. Thorough drainage of pastures is 

 the most effective measure as the ciliated embryo and cercaria are 

 both aquatic, living in puddles, ponds, pools, streams or lakes 

 and in their absence the life of the fluke is cut off, and its de- 

 velopment into the mature parasite of the mammal. In the same 

 way the mollusc (limncea truncatula) which forms the host of the 

 redise, or brood capsules, requires a damp soil, or a watery home, 

 and in the absence of these on dry soils the ciliated embryo 

 necessarily perishes. This is the most rational, thorough and 

 effective preventive measure. 



If drainage is impossible the land may be pastured by cattle or 

 horses, in which distomatosis is rarely fatal, but as such animals 

 will carry the parasite they should never be allowed to enter on 

 any non-infested damp land to which sheep have access. Though 

 they may not themselves perish from distomatosis they can dan- 

 gerously stock other pastures. 



Stiles quotes Ashmead to the effect that in Hawaii the disease 

 has been kept greatly in check by cultivating frogs and toads in 

 the infested waters and pastures to devour the snails and thus cut 

 off the trematode in its encysted career. Further that Hutchin- 

 son observed that the introduction of carp into the Columbia 

 River, and its tributaries had the same effect. The carp were in- 

 troduced in 1893 and have multiplied abundantly in the lower, still 

 waters of the Columbia, Williamette, etc., and in sloughs and 

 stagnant pools, while they have penetrated little into the higher 

 and more rapidly flowing tributaries. The farmers and others 



