Verminous Bronchitis and Pneumonia in Sheep. 375 



papillae ; oesophagus club-shaped, enlarged posteriorly ; with two 

 unicellular glands ; anus near caudal extremity. Caudal pouch of 

 male bellshaped, with ten ribs, the posterior trifid, the middle 

 bifid, the anterior bilobed. Two brown, thick, short, curved 

 spicula. Female : tail conical ; vulva three sevenths the distance 

 behind the head, with two salient lips ; two ovaries, in front 

 and behind the orifice. Ovoviviparous : ova elliptical ; .01 

 mm. long. Embryo 540 ju. long. 



Habitat. Bronchia of sheep, goat, dromedary, camel, roebuck, 

 fallow deer, argali and gazelle. 



Life History. Development : When the ovum is laid the well- 

 formed embryo is already present and soon escapes. It is not 

 known to undergo further development in the bronchia, but if ex- 

 pelled and thrown into water or moist earth, the egg or embryo 

 may remain alive for months (Colin, Baillet) unless life is cut 

 short by the septic condition of the water (Railliet). Leuckart, 

 who uniformly failed to produce the disease in healthy sheep by 

 feeding the bronchial mucus rich in ova and embryos, .found that 

 in the second week of their existence in water or moist earth they 

 moulted and shed the tubercle on the head. He even supposed 

 that they moulted a second time and infested an invertebrate 

 host, but there is no actual proof of this. In any case the moult- 

 ing appears to be necessary to fit them for a new internal habitat 

 in the sheep's lung. I^euckart found that if kept in water, many 

 died soon after this moulting. Ercolani on the other hand found 

 that if dried up after moulting, they could be preserved for a year 

 and revivified when again subjected to moisture. This is impor- 

 tant as explaining the destructive action of these parasites in dry 

 seasons. It renders it possible for the worm to enter the body in 

 dust by inhalation, though undoubtedly it is usually taken in in 

 green vegetation, earth, or water. How it reaches the lungs, 

 whether through the larynx in connection with deglutition and 

 rumination or through the circulation, has not been certainly de- 

 termined. 



STRONGYLDS RUPESCENS. STRONGYLUS OVIS PULMONALIS. 



This is the thinner and shorter of the two worms that usually 

 produce verminous bronchitis in sheep. It is sometimes met by 

 itself in this disease but more commonly in company with the 



