Verminous Bronchitis and Pneumonia in Sheep. 379 



ous debris. The pulmonary lobulettes or lobule supplied by the 

 obstructed bronchia, is divested of air, collapsed, and carnified 

 (atelectasis) or inflamed. This is especially characteristic of in- 

 festing by the strongylus filaria alone. When the strongylus ru- 

 fescens is present the encysting of the mature worm, with its em- 

 bryos and eggs in the air sacs, gives the appearance of miliary 

 tuberculosis, which is readily corrected by a microscopic examin- 

 ation. The tuberculiform nodule may be red and congested at 

 first with a gelatinoid exudate, its periphery may become even 

 more so with the hatching out of the lively embryos, while later 

 it becomes yellow or white in the centre, and finally calcareous. 

 The size varies from a small pin-head to a pea. 



In the advanced stages there may be acute, and diffuse, lobular 

 pneumonia, aggravated by an implanted bacteridian infection. 



Symptoms of Verminous Bronchitis in Lambs. These 

 are those of bronchitis attacking the majority of the flock at or 

 near the same time, without any climatic or meteorologic cause, 

 advancing slowly in the majority of cases, attended by little 

 hyperthermia, and finally diagnosed by the expectoration of 

 muco-purulent matter containing worms singly or in pellets. The 

 cough may be at first hard, but gradually becomes soft and 

 mucous. It may be at first infrequent, but becomes gradually 

 more common, occurs in paroxysms, is easily roused by driving 

 and is associated with the discharge of a frothy liquid from the 

 nose. By driving the sheep, the breathing is hastened, even at 

 times to dy.spnoea, so that the head is depressed, the mouth open- 

 ed and the subject pants. The cough becomes encreasingly deep, 

 convulsive and painful, and the expectoration more copious, so 

 that the expelled worms can be more easily found. Percussion 

 of the chest sometimes shows tender areas, especially toward the 

 lower part of the lung, also a flatness of sound. Auscultation 

 shows mucous r^les, fine and coarse, and sometimes crepitation, 

 but with a general predominance of wheezing or sibilant sounds 

 over given areas. These physical manifestations would suggest 

 tuberculosis, but the rarity of this disease in sheep kept in 

 pasture, and the fact that nearly all the flock are affected, will 

 guard against this error. As the disease is usually complicated 

 by intestinal parasitism, diarrhoea is habitually present, and the 

 soiled hips furnish a further diagnostic feature. 



