Verminous Bronchitis in Calves. 385 



Lesions. The congestion of the bronchial mucosa is intense, 

 the lumen is often blocked with a frothy muco-purulent matter 

 containing ova, embryos and the mature worms singly or in 

 bundles. Lobular congestion of the lungs is frequent, and the 

 surface may show grayish pinhead-like granular nodules like 

 those seen in the sheep and resembling miliary tuberculosis. At 

 other points particular lobulettes are collapsed and carnified as the 

 result of blocking of their bronchia and expulsion of the air. 



Symptoms of Verminous Bronchitis in Calves. The 

 symptoms are those of bronchitis, or in the worst cases of pneu- 

 monia, plus the expectoration of an abundant frothy liquid con- 

 taining the ova, embryo, or mature worms. Usually they ad- 

 vance slowly attacking nearly all the young bovine animals, with- 

 out any special change of weather or particular exposure. In the 

 milder cases there is a slight cough for a week or two or perhaps 

 only some sign of hurried breathing when driven or excited. 

 Soon the cough becomes more frequent and paroxysmal, threat- 

 ening and perhaps actually causing suffocation. Short of a fatal 

 result the animal may fall with extended head, open mouth, 

 protruded tongue, frothy discharge from the mouth and bulging 

 eyeballs. The cough may be at first hard, but usually becomes 

 loose and mucous, or wheezing, and a loud wheezing may be 

 heard over various parts of the chest on auscultation. The calf 

 loses appetite, strength and condition, becomes hide-bound, with 

 dry scurfy skin, staring coat, absence of subcutaneous fat, pale 

 mucosae and sunken eyes. It wanders ofE alone, and is found 

 lying under a tree or bu.sh or in the corner of a fence covered 

 with flies, which it has no longer the energy to brush off. It 

 may be purging because of worms in the bowels. The patient 

 that escapes asphyxia may die of marasmus. 



Diagnosis is based on the occurrence of the disease simultan- 

 eously in the majority of the herd, without apparent exposure or 

 meteorologic cause, and at first without appreciable hyperthermia, 

 on the knowledge of the existence of the parasites in the pastures 

 or district, on the damp or otherwise favorable condition of the 

 pastures, on the importation of strange cattle from infested 

 regions, on the absence of large continuous areas of consolidated 

 lung (as in lung plague or croupous pneumonia), on the absence 

 of implication of the lymph glands and of mature cattle (as in 



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