394 Veterinary Medicine. 



grunting. Aspergillus in horse : Nodules with mycelia in lung, liver, gut- 

 tural pouch. Fungi in dog's lung, spleen and kidney : Cough, dry, hurried 

 breathing, lameness behind, emaciation. Treatment as in fowl. Botriomy- 

 cosis in horse's lungs : Treat as for aspergillus. 



The parasites of the respiratory organs in birds belong to both 

 the vegetable and animal kingdoms. A cryptogam gives rise to a 

 mycoisis of bronchia, air sacs or pulmonary tissue ; acari determine 

 acariasis of the connective tissue, and air chambers and passages 

 of the air sacs, lungs and bronchia ; and the sclerostoma syn- 

 garaus lives in the trachea and bronchi, causing the deadly syn- 

 gamosis or gapes of the young. 



PNEUMO-ASPERGILLOSIS ; PNEUMOMYCOSIS ; ASPERGILLUS DISEASE 

 OF THE AIR PASSAGES. 



History. The invasion of the lungs by fungi was noted by 

 Jagert and Zschokke in 1875 ^^i the swan. In poultry it was 

 found by Serrurier and Rousseau (1841), by Bollinger (1881), 

 by Perroncito (1883), W. I/. Williams (1896). In pigeons it 

 was observed by Serrurier and Rosseau (1841), Robin (1859), 

 Bonizzi (1876), Generali (1879), Bollinger and Kitt (1881). In 

 geese it was discovered by Fresenius (1858), and Schiitz (1884). 

 In i^M(;>^.y by Hayem (1873). In turkey by Lignieres and Petit 

 (1898). Among wild birds it attacks the jay, flamingo, eider- 

 duck, sea-gull, stork, ostrich, plover, parrot, bullfinch, raven, 

 owl and falcon so that there appears to be an almost universal 

 receptivity on the part of the feathered creation. 



Variety of Parasite. The invading fungus belongs to one 

 of four varieties of aspergillus, a mould which lives habitually on 

 dead organic matter to which it gives the appearance of having 

 been sprinkled or aspersed with water. The aspergillus belongs 

 to the family of ascomycetes (askos pouch, mykes fungus), so 

 named because the spores are formed by division of the proto- 

 plasm inside the parent tubules, and from which they escape by 

 the disintegration of the latter. It forms a surface felted mass of 

 mycelium from which rise branches (sterigmata) which develop 

 heads and chaplets of globular ipores (conidia). The four para- 

 sitic species are : 



I. Aspergillus Fumigatus. Smoky Aspergillus. (Fumi- 

 gare to smoke). This is characterized by the general bluish 



