Verminous Trachea- Bronchitis. The Gapes in Birds. 399 



Bronchialis : Larger than trachealis ; female 15 to 25 mm. ; union of male 

 and female not so constant ; ovum not operculated. Development as in tra- 

 chealis. Hosts : Bronchia of ducks, swans, geese. Symptoms : Young tur- 

 keys a few days old ; gasp, sneeze, gulp, cough, wheeze, mucous discharge, 

 often containing worm, dulness, drooping wings, inappetence, no fever, 

 worms may be seen through trachea, or drawn out with looped hair. Mor- 

 tality often 80 per cent, of young. Prevention : Give older birds a change 

 of run. Hatch out in incubator and keep on paved floor till fledged, or on 

 quite new run ; boil green food and water ; soak runs and floors with strong 

 common salt solution, or sprinkle with a vermicide ; wash drinking and 

 feeding dishes twice daily. Burn infested carcases ; exclude wild birds. 

 Treatment : Extract worms with a twisted loop of horse-hair dipped in cam- 

 phor, ol. terebinth, salicylic acid, or salt solution ; smear the breast with 

 asafcetida, camphor, turpentine, or naphthol to be inhaled ; tobacco solu- 

 tion or smoke. 



This is a catarrhal affection of birds and especially of the 

 young, caused by one of two round worms, {syngamus trachealis, 

 and 5'. bronchialis), armed mouthed (sclerostomes) of the family 

 of Strongyli. 



Syngamus Trachealis. (Sclerostoma Syngamus, Dies- 

 ing). The peculiarity of this worm is that the two sexes, male 

 and female, are permanently united by the attachment of the 

 caudal end of the male to the vulva of the female situated in its 

 cephalic third, so that they appear as if one organism and have 

 been called ih^ forked worm. Th.& female is from 5 to 20 mm. 

 long, about three times the length of the male, and over twice the 

 thickness. The mouth is orbicular, bell-shaped, and bounded by 

 six expanding papillae constituting a sucker. The pharynx has 

 six or seven chitinous lancet-shaped teeth. The male has at its 

 caudal end a bell-shaped bursa having about 12 ribs, and con- 

 stantly attached around the vulva of the female. "Th^ female has 

 its body filled with oviducts convoluted largely in spiral so as to 

 give a contorted appearance, and containing ova in all stages of 

 segmentation. The tail is a blunt cone. 



The embryos do not escape from the egg until the deatli, and 

 decompo-sition of the female makes a way of escape for them. In 

 the moist earth, in water and in earth worms they are found in 

 the form of minute thread-like worms (like anguillula). When 

 the parent worm has been expectorated it may be again swal- 

 lowed by a bird, or the free eggs or embryos may be taken in in 

 food or water. In the stomach and intestine the envelopes are 



