Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 419 



bodies (pigmented or not\ sporulating forms, crescetitic forms, 

 and flagellated bodies. They live in the red blood cells from 

 which they produce black pigment, and are most abundant in the 

 warm season, from spring to autumn. Danilewsky held them to 

 be identical with the plasmodium of ague, but they differ some- 

 what in morphology, the hyaline bodies show little or no amoeboid 

 movement, they rarely produce febrile reaction in the bird, 

 neither their development nor persistence in the blood is affected 

 by quinine, and inoculated in the blood of man, they do not 

 cause infection nor malarial symptoms. Inoculation of the blood 

 of a malarial person on birds is equally without effect (Di Mattel). 

 Though sometimes associated with low condition and general ill 

 health in the bird their r61e as a causative factor has not been 

 fully demonstrated. They seem to be closely allied to the para- 

 site of man, and birds show a measure of immunity from their ill 

 effects, either as a racial or acquired characteristic. 



Trypanosoma sanguinis avium. This has been found by 

 Danilewsky in the blood of birds. It closely resembles the 

 trypanosoma of surra, but has shown no constant pathogenic 

 action on birds. 



Nematodes. Rudolphi found a filaria wound around the 

 heart of a duck. Mazzanti found subcutem, in the neck of a 

 pigeon a female filaria ^ inch long, and in the blood of the same 

 animal many embryos 185 /* long with sharp tails and smaller 

 specimens with blunt tails. 



PARASITES OF MUSCULAR AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE. 



TRICHINOSIS : TRICHINIASIS. 



Definition. Intestinal and muscular. Hosts : Man, pig, rat, mouse, dog, 

 cat, horse. Guinea-pig, rabbit, goose ; among animals about habitations, to- 

 gether with many wild creatures. Not in invertebrate or cold-blooded. 

 Anguillula, oUulanus, and many embryo worms often mistaken for this. 

 Trichina Spiralis : 1.4 to 4 mm. long ; anterior half tapers to head ; mouth 

 and anus terminal ; digestive tract in three divisions, anterior triangular, 

 median with nucleated cells, and posterior narrow and muscular ; vivipa- 

 rous ; embryo 90 to loo/t long. Larva — muscle trichina — i mm. long, free 

 or encysted in muscle fasiculi, intermuscular connective tissue, adipose tissue, 

 or intestinal walls. History. Geographical distribution : Europe, North 

 and South America, China India, Syria, Algiers, etc. Life history : Sexual 



