ECONOMIC PRODUCTS OF THE LANDE8. 67 



yellow maize, millet, little millet, buckwheat, rye, oats, wheat, and 

 tobacco. There were exhibited sections of the cork tree (quercus 

 suber) ; of the black oak (Q. nigra), a native of North America j of 

 the holly leaved oak (Q. gramuntia), which is indigenous in France ; 

 and of the cluster pine (pinus pinaster), or Spardenny, of which the 

 maritime pine (P. maritima) is conjectured to be a variety ; there 

 were exhibited specimens of this cut into railway sleepers, railway 

 fencing, drain pipes, hop poles, shingle for roofing, and pavement 

 for streets, stables, and footpaths ; all of these had been infiltrated 

 with blue vitriol (sulphate of copper) by the process of Bouchard, 

 recommended as a prevention of rot and decay ; and there were 

 exhibited specimens of the following resinous products of the trees : 

 Soft resin, collected in covered vessels ; gallipot, or white resin, 

 obtained by scraping the trees ; barras, a coarse resin ; sun turpen- 

 tine, prepared by exposing soft resin to the action of the solar rays, 

 and used in the manufacture of perfumery and of varnishes ; 

 bala turpentine, similar to the sun turpentine, but of inferior 

 quality ; Venice turpentine, which oozes through the joints of casks 

 filled with soft resin ; spirits of turpentine ; rectified spirits of 

 turpentine ; resin, residuum of the distillation of rough turpentine 

 or resin ; tar, a product of the distillation of rough turpentine, and 

 of the destructive distillation of wood ; empyreumatic oil, obtained in 

 the distillation bf resin ; lubricating grease, a mixture of resin and 

 vegetable oils ; and torches of resin used chiefly in Bretagne. 



Of implements there were exhibited a common hatchet, a hatchet 

 for making the broad shallow vertical grove in the bark and outer 

 concentric circles of the trunk, to allow of the escape of the resinous 

 sap, and for making the cut into which a zinc spout for collecting 

 that sap is fixed : the edge was, an arc of a circle about 3£ inches 

 broad, and the head and handle formed an angle of about 135°; a 

 course earthenware vessel in which the resinous sap is now generally 

 collected : it would hold about £ pints, and was shaped like an 

 earthenware milk pan, or coarse flowerpot of equal width and depth ; 

 a shovel for detaching gallipot and digging holes : it was like a hoe in 

 shape, but solid ; a second of the same of about 2 inches in breadth ; 

 a scraper for the same purpose, of the same breadth, but bent round 

 like a crook to scrape downwards ; a ladder made of the side of a 

 young tree, with the edge cut into projecting angular steps. 



The resins and the cereal products, exclusive of the fire-wood and 

 timber, were said to suffice to cover the expense of management, 

 and to supply a satisfactory return for the capital invested in the 



